Quantitative Techniques Essays

Quantitative Techniques Essays Quantitative Techniques Essay Quantitative Techniques Essay Clarify the utilization of Quantitative Techniques in Business and Management? Imprints: 10 b). What are impediments of Statistics? Imprints: 10 Page 2 of 29 Page 3 of 29 a). QUATITATIVE TECHNIQUES Quantitative procedures alludes to the gathering of measurable and tasks research strategies. Every one of these procedures require fundamental information on specific points in arithmetic. Quantitative Techniques Statistical Techniques Operations Research USE OF QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN BUSINESS AND MANAGMENT Due to expanding intricacy in business and industry, dynamic dependent on instinct has become exceptionally sketchy particularly when the choice includes the decision among a few approaches every one of which can accomplish a few administration activities. So there is requirement for preparing the individuals who can deal with a framework effectively and innovatively. Quantitative Techniques presently have a significant job in viable dynamic in different useful territories of the executives I. e. showcasing, fund, creation and work force. These strategies are likewise broadly utilized in arranging, transportation, general wellbeing, correspondence, military, horticulture and so on. Quantitative procedures are additionally utilized broadly as a guide in business dynamic. A portion of the regions where quantitative methods can be utilized are: Page 3 of 29 Page 4 of 29 MANAGEMENT I). Advertising Analysis of showcasing research data Statistical records for building and keeping up a broad market Sales guaging iii). iv). Financial aspects Measurement of gross national item and info yield investigation Determination of business cycle, long haul development and occasional changes Comparison of market costs, cost and benefits of individual firms Analysis of populace, land economies and monetary topography Page 4 of 29 ii). Creation Production arranging, control and examination Evaluation of machine execution Quality control prerequisite (to dissect the information/patterns) Inventory control estimates Finance, Accounting and Investment Financial gauge, spending planning Financial speculation choices Selection of protections Auditing capacity Credit arrangements, credit hazard and reprobate records Personnel Labor turn over rate Employment patterns Performance evaluation Wage rates and impetus plans Page 5 of 29 Operational investigations of open utilities Formulation of fitting monetary strategies and assessment of their impact RESEARCH Development of new product offerings Optimal utilization of assets Evaluation of existing items NATURAL SCIENCE Diagnosis of illness dependent on information like temperature, beat rate, circulatory strain and so forth. Making a decision about the productivity of a specific medication for relieving a specific illness Study of vegetation In the serious and dynamic busine ss world, firms/organizations who likes to succeed and endure are those which are fit for expanding the utilization of instruments of the board like quantitative strategies. ) LIMITATIONS OF Statistics with all its wide application in each circle of human movement has its own constraints. Some of them are given underneath. 1. Insights IS NOT SUITABLE TO THE STUDY OF QUALITATIVE PHENOMENON: Since measurements is essentially a science and manages a lot of numerical information, it is relevant to the investigation of just these subjects of enquiry, which can be communicated as far as quantitative estimations. Indeed, subjective wonder like trustworthiness, destitution, excellence, insight and so on, can't be communicated numerically and any Page 5 of 29 Page 6 of 29 measurable examination can't be legitimately applied on these subjective wonders. In any case, measurable procedures might be applied in a roundabout way by first diminishing the subjective articulations to exact quantitative terms. For instance, the knowledge of a gathering of understudies can be concentrated based on their imprints in a specific assessment. 2. Measurements DOES NOT STUDY INDIVIDUALS: Statistics doesn't give a particular significance to the individual things; in truth it manages a total of articles. Singular things, when they are taken independently don't establish any factual information and don't fill any need for any measurable enquiry. 3. Factual LAWS ARE NOT EXACT: It is notable that scientific and physical sciences are accurate. However, measurable laws are not careful and factual laws are just approximations. Factual ends are not all around evident. They are genuine just on a normal. 4. Insights TABLE MAY BE MISUSED: Statistics must be utilized uniquely by specialists; in any case, measurable strategies are the most perilous apparatuses on the hands of the inexpert. The utilization of measurable devices by the unpracticed and untraced people may prompt wrong ends. Insights can be effectively abused by citing incorrectly figures of information. 5. Insights IS ONLY, ONE OF THE METHODS OF STUDYING A PROBLEM: Statistical strategy don't give total arrangement of the issues since issues are to be examined taking the foundation of the nations culture, theory or religion into thought. Along these lines the measurable investigation ought to be enhanced by different confirmations. References: www. textbooksonline. tn. nic. in/Page 6 of 29 Page 7 of 29 Question 2 ). Various sorts of capacities are presented and utilized in CACULUS, quickly clarify them? Imprints: 10 b). Chart and discover space of f(x) = 22 if x lt; 0 if x gt; 0 Marks: 10 3x + 1 Page 7 of 29 Page 8 of 29 a). Kinds OF FUNCTION Different sorts of capacities that are presented and utilized in analytics are: I). ii). iii). iv). v). vi). I). Direct Function Polynomial Function Absolute Value Fu nction Inverse Function Step Function Algebraic Function LINEAR FUNCTION A straight capacity is one in which the intensity of free factor is 1, it is likewise called single variable capacity. The general articulation of direct capacity having just a single autonomous variable is: y = f(x) = a + bx where an and b are given genuine numbers and x is a free factor taking every single numerical incentive in a span. Single variable capacity can be direct and non-straight, for instance y = and y = 2 + 3x †52 + x2 (non-direct single variable capacity) 3 + 2x (Linear single variable capacity) Page 8 of 29 Page 9 of 29 A direct capacity with one variable can generally be diagramed in a two dimensional plane. This chart can generally be plotted by giving various qualities to x and ascertaining comparing estimations of y. The chart of such capacities is consistently a straight line. ii). POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION Polynomial capacities are capacities with x as an information variable, comprised of a few terms, each term is comprised of two factors, the first being a genuine number coefficient, and the second being x raised to some non-negative whole number force. Polynomial capacities are capacities that have this structure: y = f(x) = anxn + a 1xn-1 + a1x1 + a0 The estimation of n must be a nonnegative whole number. That is, it must be entire number; it is equivalent to zero or a positive whole number. an, a 1, , a1, a0 are called coefficients. These are genuine numbers. The level of the polynomial capacity is the most elevated an incentive for n where an isn't equivalent to 0. In the event that n = 1, at that point the polynomial capacity is of degree 1 and is known as a direct capacity and in the event that n = 2, at that point the polynomial capacity is of degree 2 and is called quadratic capacity and normally composed as: y = iii). ax2 + bx + c ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION The total worth capacity is the genuine esteemed capacity characterized as follows. =  ¦x  ¦ Where  ¦x  ¦ is known as extent or total estimation of x. By supreme worth implies that whether x is certain or negative, its Page 9 of 29 Page 10 of 29 total worth will stay positive. For instance  ¦7  ¦= 7 and  ¦-6  ¦ = 6. The chart of given capacity is this way: iv). Reverse FUNCTION Take the capacity y = f(x). At tha t point the estimation of y can be extraordinarily decided for given estimations of x according to the practical relationship. . At times it is required to think about x as an of y, so that for given estimations of y, the estimations of x can be resolved according to the practical relationship. This is known as the converse capacity and is likewise given by x = f - 1 (y). For instance think about the direct capacity: y= hatchet + b Expressing this as far as x, we get x = y b/a y/a b/a = cy †d where c = 1/an, and d = b/a This is additionally a straight capacity and is indicated by x = f - 1 (y). v). STEP FUNCTION For various estimations of a free factor x in a span, the dependant variable y = f(x) takes a consistent worth, yet takes Page 10 of 29 Page 11 of 29 unique qualities in various stretches. In such cases the given capacity y = f(x) is known as a stage work. I). Logarithmic TRANSCENDENTAL Functions can likewise be grouped regarding the scientific tasks (expansion, deduction, duplication, division, powers and roots) associated with the practical connection between dependant variable and autonomous factors. At the point when just limited number of terms are associated with a practical relationship and factors are influenced distinctly by the scientific tasks, at th at point the capacity is called an arithmetical capacity in any case supernatural capacity. The accompanying capacities are arithmetical elements of x. ). ii). iii). y = 23 + 52 3x + 9 y = vx + 1/x2 Y = x3 1/vx + 2 The subclasses of supernatural capacities are: I). ii). b). Exponential Function Logarithmic Function DOMAIN: Domain comprises of every single genuine number with the exception of zero. Presently think about f (x) = 22 where x lt; 0 Supposed the estimations of x are - 1, - 3, - 5, at that point Page 11 of 29 Page 12 of 29 f (- 1) = 2(- 1)2 = 2 f(- 3) = 2(- 3)2 = 18 f(- 5) = 2(- 5)2 = 50 Its diagram is as per the following; f (x) = 22 60 50 40 Y-Axis 30 20 10 0 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 X-Axis - 2 - 1 Now think about f (x) = 3x + 1 if x gt; 0 Assume va

Peregrine Systems Fraud Essay example -- Business Case Studies Account

Peregrine System's Accounting Fraud Money Street's interest for high development roused Peregrine Systems' administrators, to deceitfully blow up incomes and stock costs. As indicated by the SEC, Peregrine recorded substantially wrong fiscal reports with the commission for 11 back to back quarters. Steven Spitzer, an individual from Peregrine's business group confessed to meeting routinely with senior administration close to the finish of the quarter to decide how much income was expected to surpass Wall Street's desires. The essential misrepresentation submitted by Peregrine was finished by blowing up income by booking income when deals never happened. By perceiving income from deals that never happened, the records receivable equalization and net gain were deceitfully exaggerated; the records receivable could never be gathered, on the grounds that the product was rarely sold. To conceal their high, extraordinary, debt claims balance because of booking deals that didn't happen, Peregrine falsely occupied with budgetar y concurrences with banks. Clearly, Peregrine Systems expanded its incomes by constraining wholesalers and affiliates to develop their inventories (known as stopping their stock). Through mystery side or oral understandings Peregrine merchants and affiliates were not committed to pay Peregrine for their product inventories. This lead clearly turned into an issue. On the off chance that they couldn't sell Peregrine's product, they would get their cash back. As indicated by GAAP, income acknowledgment on the offer of programming requires proof that a game plan must exist, conveyance more likely than not happened, seller's expenses must be fixed or definite, and collectibility must be plausible before perceiving income. Peregrine erroneously recorded this tra... ... enticed to dishonestly expand profit is to remove their own benefits, if the organization's stocks go up. I accept that when upper level administration has an excessive amount of motivating force dependent on close to home monetary profit, which is straightforwardly founded on the exhibition of the organization; it bargains their decisions. I believe that upper level administration ought not be permitted to get investment opportunities or to try and own stock in the organization as the fiscal reports would give a nonpartisan, predisposition free report. The executives would have no motivation to cook the books. I likewise feel that any administration who despite everything chooses to misrepresent archives should be considered increasingly responsible for their activities and get harder disciplines. I imagine that these severe rules would help the individuals in the United States and individuals everywhere throughout the world feel progressively positive about putting their cash i nto the financial exchange.

Abortion Essays (708 words) - Abortion In The United States

Fetus removal Essays (708 words) - Abortion In The United States Fetus removal Fetus removal The establishing of our country was manufactured on the rule that all men are made equivalent. This is the embodiment of our Declaration of Independence and the way of thinking behind the Constitution. We, through history, have verified that all individuals in this nation have fairness under the steady gaze of the law. We have set up the reason that all individuals are equivalent under the watchful eye of the law. We have proclaimed that there is nothing of the sort as sub-people and that no person's privileges are better than another individual. On the off chance that we need to live by the premises that we set up in this nation, than we can't disregard any individual, nobody can be barred. There is, in any case, a class of individuals that is being denied the privilege to life: the unborn infant. The human species is just completely developed at adulthood. A considerable lot of us here are not grown-ups yet, and by that definition, it wouldn't make any difference if youre shot and slaughtered on the road on the grounds that youre not completely created. We are in a phase of improvement young person simply like a youngster is, much the same as a little child is, much the same as an elderly person is, and simply like a prematurely ended kid is. There is no mysterious change that happens when a kid is conceived. He has a similar essential needs to get by before he is conceived, and similar needs after he is conceived. Any individual who attempts to tell any other individual that the child in the moms belly is certifiably not a human or doesnt matter is an absolute liar. They need you to accept that an unborn youngster can't feel torment. On the off chance that you acknowledge that an unborn infant isn't an eating, breathing, moving, human within a lady then their life can have n o worth. Could an unborn youngster feel torment? Obviously it does, it is a person, and as an individual it has five detects. How might you want to be in your moms belly and out of nowhere be betrayed of the head with scissors and your cerebrums sucked out? In a pull premature birth, at times the child will battle to get a way, yet theyre no counterpart for the vacuum. The abortionists will reveal to you that your infant is only a bit of tissue, which makes it simpler to have a fetus removal, they will likewise disclose to you that it will simply be a weight on your life and youre settling on the correct choice by submitting murder and removing that babies protected rights. On the off chance that you acknowledge that an unborn child isn't an eating, breathing, moving, human within a lady then their life can have no worth. Presently lets talk about the ethical issues. In the event that youre going to go out and have intercourse, you have to face the results and have the infant. Regardless of whether you dont need it you can put it up for reception, you dont need to take the path of least resistance and butcher it. Our nation experienced and the world experienced an extensive stretch of time where Whites accepted that Blacks were really sub-human! On the off chance that somebody acknowledged that a Black individual was a sub-human, at that point it turned out to be anything but difficult to proceed with subjugation, and it turned out to be anything but difficult to manhandle or overlook their privileges to life. We have invalidated this reason in current time, not disregarding the realities. We can't shroud it! Slaughtering a living individual is murder and murder is illegal and murder against God. Would need to have been a prematurely ended kid. OK have needed your life to be cut, before you could even be naturally introduced to this world? At the point when I was inside my mom, No one could inquire as to whether I esteemed my life. I wouldn't reserve an option to live. On the off chance that you were prematurely ended you would not get an opportunity to request your life. On the off chance that premature birth is murder, at that point would we be able to allow this to proceed? There are around one million premature births each year in the United States. Book index Work Cited Container, Jean. Who Broke The Baby? Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany House Publishers, 1997 Alcorn, Randy. Star Life Answers to Pro Choice Arguments. Portland Oregon: Multnomah Books, 1994 Crutcher, Mark. Lime 5. Denton, Texas: Life Dynamics, 1996

5 Surprising Facts About Rupi Kaur

Writing Is Defined As Fun - 858 Words

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It was way too cold in the class and the scents of pumpkin pie and sweaty gym socks surrounding the air didn’t seem to help the situation much either. After a few minutes of thinking, so many ideas popped in my head, I didn’t know how to control it. I started jotting down everything that came to mind, then I went back to organize it so I could start writing. Once my teacher seen what I was doing, she asked Who taught you this technique? I told her it s just something I ve always done, she then told me that s a good technique to have and that it llShow MoreRelatedWriting Is Defined As Fun862 Words   |  4 PagesA writer to be... In my opinion, writing is defined as fun, a way to be creative and a way to help me clear my mind. It allows me to express my own individuality. Writing may be known as a bore to others who cant seem to find their own writing style, but if you have that gift of writing it comes easy no matter what subject or topic. That s where my liking for writing comes in. 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Should Prostitution Be Legalized - 1555 Words

Legalization of Prostitution Prostitutes are people of multiple backgrounds and of either gender who make the decision to participate in sex acts for profit in a business-like setting. I support the legalization of prostitution because I believe that legalized prostitution will be a benefit of society. Once legalized, prostitution can provide many benefits to the participants of the business. Prostitution can provide a benefit of the economy in most places, and provide safe business practices and environments for the business to take place. Overall, legalized prostitution can lead to a benefit of society as a whole. Prostitution Defined As a part of the legalization and support for prostitution, we need to clearly identify the definition of prostitution. The act of prostitution is defined as the willing participation in the use of sexual acts in exchange for compensation whether it was money or any other means of value gained from the use of the body of sexual pleasure. Prostitution is considered the world’s oldest profession that has been secretly practiced for centuries. Prostitution is not biased to gender or sexual orientation in any class. Prostitution is a multi-billion dollar industry that is very alive and visible according to law enforcement reports and arrest. Experts have determined that approximately 2 million prostitutes currently participate in the illegal sex industry for profit. Unfortunately, in the current state of illegal prostitution, people whoShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1406 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is one of the largest controversial issue facing the Unite d States. The definition of prostitution, according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, is the act or practice of engaging in sexual relations especially for the money. Prostitution has been constantly bashed by the media and is currently legal in only one state. In this state, only one county has banned prostitution. Why is it illegal? 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Honor Society free essay sample

My most rewarding and stimulating experience throughout the past two years would be volunteering at the swimming competition for Special Olympics. This had special meaning for me because we have a family friend with a disability. Experiencing this important competition helped to improve my leadership skills, my character, and support my community. First, my leadership skills developed when I independently directed each swimmer where to line up at the platform and informed each contestant when they needed to swim. I had to make sure that the swimmers were positioned and ready to perform, and if they weren’t I was responsible for not having them there. This kept me on my feet at all times and aware of each events time and location. I learned each swimmers name, since many of them swam in more than one event. Secondly, my character was greatly improved when I saw the swimmers get their awards for winning each swimming event. We will write a custom essay sample on Honor Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was impressed that most swimmers could swim better than I could swim myself. It astonished me by their positive attitudes, no matter whether they won or lost. This also expanded my horizons, and afforded me the opportunity to meet people I would normally not encounter in my day to day life. I went out of my comfort zone and did whatever needed to be done. It was especially rewarding when I saw the glowing faces of the contestants. Lastly, I was of service to my community by lending a hand to this much needed organization. This is one group that most people are not actively searching to volunteer. They need many people to make this competition successful. To be a part of this organization gave me a chance to improve my community and become acquainted to the people that live in this area. As Winston Churchill once said, â€Å"We make a living by what we do, but we make a life by what we give.† The importance of volunteering should be done throughout your life. Fortunately, th rough the many opportunities my church and community has offered I was privileged to be involved at this exciting and important event in these contestant’s lives. I hope to be a help at this event in years to come.

Adolf Hitler Essays (1974 words) - Adolf Hitler, Politics

Adolf Hitler ADOLF HITLER 1. THE BEGINNING At half past six on the evening of April 20th, 1889 a child was born in the small town of Branau, Austria. The name of the child was Adolf Hitler. He was the son a Customs official Alois Hitler, and his third wife Klara. As a young boy Adolf attendated church regulary and sang in the local choir. One day he carved a symbol into the bench which resembled the Swastika he later used as the symbol of the Nazi party. He was a pretty good student. He received good marks in most of his classes. However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in Gym and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years in school. From childhood one it was his dream to become an artist or architect. He was not a bad artist, as his surviving paintings and drawings show but he never showed any originality or creative imagination. To fullfil his dream he had moved to Vienna the capital of Austria where the Academ y of arts was located. He failed the first time he tried to get admission and in the next year, 1907 he tried again and was very sure of success. To his surprise he failed again. In fact the Dean of the academy was not very impressed with his performance, and gave him a really hard time and said to him You will never be painter. The rejection really crushed him as he now reached a dead end. He could not apply to the school of architecture as he had no high-school diploma. During the next 35 years of his live the young man never forgot the rejection he received in the dean's office that day. Many Historians like to speculate what would have happened IF.... perhaps the small town boy would have had a bit more talent....or IF the Dean had been a little less critical, the world might have been spared the nightmare into which this boy was eventually to plunge it. 2. WORLD WAR I While living in Vienna Hitler he made his living by drawing small pictures of famous landmarks which he sold as post cards. But he was always poor. He was also a regular reader of a small paper which claimed that the Araban race was superior to all and was destined to rule the world. The paper blamed Communists and Jews for all their problems and hitler agreed to those views. Hitler agree with most of the points made in the publication. He continued to live a poor live in Vienna and in 1913 decided to move to Munich. Still living in Vienna and being Austrain by birth, Hitler showed more loyalty to the Geramny. He thought that the Aryan race was destined to rule the world. Many believe that he tried to escape the draft but it was never proven. His live in Munich was not much better then before and he continued to be poor. Then in 1914 World War I broke out and Hitler saw this as a great opportunity to show his loyalty to the fatherland by volunteering for the Imperial army. He did not want to fight in the Austrian Army. Hitler was a good soldier. Many of political opponents claimed that he wa s a coward but records clearly show that he was not. He received to awards of bravery but never achieved a high Rank. In 1918 Germany surrendered and Hitler was very upset about the loss. He believed that it was the Jews and the Communists who betrayed the fatherland and it was here that his disliking of the Jews most likely began. Germany after the war was in chaos. With no real Government to control the country, many groups tried to take control. One day a big communist group staged a big riot but another group of ex-soldiers including Hitler managed to hold them back. 3. THE NAZI PARTY Since there were not many chances for employment Hitler stayed in the army. Hitler was assigned the job of going go to various meetings of groups which sprang

Free Essays on Meditation 17

Reply to Meditation 17 In John Donne’s meditation seventeen, man aspects of death and life itself was shown in his work. His ideals and feelings on death itself as amplified in this passage. In his selection his states, â€Å"†¦God employs several translations; some pieces are translated by age, some by sickness, some by war, some by justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which to me stands for the fact that we all leave this world in many shapes, ways, and forms. Also it means that God is there guiding us not just though life but death also. I agree with ideas and thought on this matter. Most people believe that God is for our lives and then once we die and our places and determined he is still there for us. No matter who we were, how we died, or where we reside for all eternity. He is still there, now if our lives lead us to hell’s gates he does not forget about us. He still feels and cares for us; just he knows that we must pay for the wasted lives we led. Which if it was me I would not be able to stand to see some of my children, someone that is part of me suffer so much. Which just go to show how great he is. Also in the meditation Donne states â€Å"No man is an Island, entire of itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which tells us that no matter how great we think we are, we are part of something greater then ourselves, a community of people, a community of God, or a community of every living thing, however you wish it interrupt it. I believe as it as a community in God, which brings both of the other two in to also. Cause we are all God’s children. It is shows that we need to not worry about or personal standings in the race for fame and money. But we should be more concerned with the betterment of mankind, and what is the overall good of the people. Not just certain or a few people, but everyone that walks, breaths and lives, both in life and in death.... Free Essays on Meditation 17 Free Essays on Meditation 17 Reply to Meditation 17 In John Donne’s meditation seventeen, man aspects of death and life itself was shown in his work. His ideals and feelings on death itself as amplified in this passage. In his selection his states, â€Å"†¦God employs several translations; some pieces are translated by age, some by sickness, some by war, some by justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which to me stands for the fact that we all leave this world in many shapes, ways, and forms. Also it means that God is there guiding us not just though life but death also. I agree with ideas and thought on this matter. Most people believe that God is for our lives and then once we die and our places and determined he is still there for us. No matter who we were, how we died, or where we reside for all eternity. He is still there, now if our lives lead us to hell’s gates he does not forget about us. He still feels and cares for us; just he knows that we must pay for the wasted lives we led. Which if it was me I would not be able to stand to see some of my children, someone that is part of me suffer so much. Which just go to show how great he is. Also in the meditation Donne states â€Å"No man is an Island, entire of itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which tells us that no matter how great we think we are, we are part of something greater then ourselves, a community of people, a community of God, or a community of every living thing, however you wish it interrupt it. I believe as it as a community in God, which brings both of the other two in to also. Cause we are all God’s children. It is shows that we need to not worry about or personal standings in the race for fame and money. But we should be more concerned with the betterment of mankind, and what is the overall good of the people. Not just certain or a few people, but everyone that walks, breaths and lives, both in life and in death....

Developing Conceptual Frameworks Are a Time Wasting Activity Essay

Developing Conceptual Frameworks Are a Time Wasting Activity - Essay Example The financial accounting theory functions on the basis of conceptual framework, explains the observed accounting practices and predicts the unobserved practices. The theoretical framework of accounting evolved significantly in the 20th century following the market crash in 1929 and recent financial crisis. The major accounting theories, developed in 20th century are Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), fundamental analysis model, CAPM, positive accounting theory and critical perspective model. These theories were criticised by SATTA (Statement of Accounting Theory & Theory Acceptance) giving the reasons why these theories could not gain general acceptance. The main points of criticism were real world complexity, varying requirements of user groups, and failed interpretation of security price behaviour through EMH, costs of adopting accounting standards more than the benefits and limited capacity of users in assimilation and analysis of accounting information. Further, to understand the implications of conceptual framework example of the joint project of IASB and FASB for the convergence of their respective conceptual frameworks is discussed. ...Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework explains the key factors, variables or constructs and their presumed interrelationships either in a narrative form or graphic form (Miles & Huberman, 1999, p.18). It is primarily a model or conception of what is meant to be studied i.e. the system of assumptions, concept, beliefs, expectations and theories. Its function is to help assess the goals, develop relevant and realistic research questions, select apt methods and identify the validity threats to the conclusion. The conceptual framework also helps in justifying the research. It is like a tentative theory which may or may not be complete. In order to construct a conceptual framework of a study the sources which can be used are: experiential knowledge, existing research and theory, exploratory research and thought experiment s (Maxwell, 2005, p.33-37). The experiential knowledge is the most important and neglected source for conceptual framework and bringing it in the research is treated as bias whereas Peshkin (1988) has strongly argued that the researchers should seek subjectivity in a systematic manner rather than in retrospective manner when the data collection and analysis is complete (Peshkin, 1988, p.17). A belief is a subjective condition of knowledge. For example in order to know a proposition ‘P’, one has to believe ‘P’ (Hospers, 1997, p.40).

The quality of collective action will determine the quality of results Essay

The quality of collective action will determine the quality of results - Essay Example All these stakeholders have individual roles to play in ensuring that the aims of education are achieved. However, to ensure quality education, these stakeholders do not just have to work in isolation but then have to work collectively. Elaborating how stakeholders can work collectively, Kodua (2001) posits that curriculum planners must understand the immediate educational aims of educational administrators and the learning requirements of learners and structure the curriculum in such a way that it meets these educational aims. The educational managers must in response ensure that all infrastructure and resources needed for the smooth running of education are supplied. Still working together, teachers must ensure that they deliver quality student-centered and interactive lessons that would ensure that learning becomes easier for students. On the part of supervisors, they must ensure that they monitor and assess the performance and delivery of teachers whiles students do everything po ssible to grasp lessons taught. It is only under such circumstance where the general aim of education is made to run through the delivery of education among all stakeholders that we can be assured of quality of collective action.

Censorship on Huckleberry Finn, Argument and Counterargument Essay Example for Free

Censorship on Huckleberry Finn, Argument and Counterargument Essay Time and time again art has been criticized for being too vulgar and expressive, Mark Twain was one of these individuals who participated in art, he was raised in the generation where slavery was common and racial slurs were frequently used. So to criticized and censor his work for writing what he grew up knowing would be like punishing Huck Finn for stealing things from others when he was told it was borrowing all his life by his pa â€Å"Pap always said it warn’t no harm to borrow things if you was meaning to pay them back some time; but the widow said it warn’t anything but a soft name for stealing, and no decent body would do it† (Chp. 12 Pg, 49). I strongly disagree with the fact that people want to ‘update and improve’ the classic â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† because it uses a term that is found offensive frequently in todays generation. My problem with this posse that wants to change the wording of the book is that, their biggest concern to why they want to change the word â€Å"nigger† to â€Å"slave† is that they’re doing for the children, trying to make it more comfortable for them to read and protecting the youth from frowned upon terms. If this is their concern then why are they singling out books and classics from decades ago, why not focus on the books being published now with the terms â€Å"whore† â€Å"slut† or â€Å"trailer trash† in it? To me those are equally offensive terms. John Foley once said that he thinks â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Harper Lee’s classic about racial inequality in the Deep South, and John Ste inbeck’s â€Å"Of Mice and Men†(Source A) should be removed from the curriculum for similar reasons† all because they show the reader the time gap between the setting of the writing and the present of today even though in the beginning of all books they tell you what time frame the story is held in â€Å"SCENE: The Mississippi Valley; TIME: Forty to Fifty Years Ago† (Page 0). Now I can see why some might want these books (Huck Finn, Of Mice and Men, and To Kill a Mockingbird) removed from curriculum, yes I do believe that Twain used the term â€Å"nigger† a few times to many, â€Å"the N-word appears 219 times in Huck Finn† (Source C). Children or even young adults should not be exposed to the vulgar terms and racial slurs that were used in the past. Isn’t the whole point of evolution is to change over time? What good comes from exposing our youth to the past that we all know America is not fond of? Don’t we want our youth to kn ow that these terms are not acceptable in today’s society or the future? When these books make it sound like it was just a little friendly nickname. This is why I feel like students and parents should be given the choice as to whether they want them to read books such as these. We do it for movies at the beginning of every school year, why not do it with books also?

The Division of Religion :: essays research papers fc

The East-West Schism, known also as the Great Schism (though this latter term sometimes refers to the later Western Schism), was the event that divided Chalcedonian Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Though normally dated to 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two Churches. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority—the Pope claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the four eastern patriarchs claimed that the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary, and thus he had authority only over Western Christians—and over the insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed. There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over liturgical practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction. The Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographic lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed. It might be alleged that the two churches actually reunited in 1274 (by the Second Council of Lyons) and in 1439 (by the Council of Basel), but in each case the councils were repudiated by the Orthodox as a whole, given that the hierarchs had overstepped their authority in consenting to these so-called "unions". Further attempts to reconcile the two bodies have failed; however, several ecclesiastical communities that originally sided with the East changed their loyalties, and are now called Eastern Rite Catholic Churches. For the most part, however, the Western and the Eastern Churches are separate. Each takes the view that it is the "One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church", implying that it was the other group that left the true church during the Schism. Since its earliest days, the Church recognized the special positions of three bishops, who were known as patriarchs: the Bishop of Rome, the Bishop of Alexandria, and the Bishop of Antioch. They were joined by the Bishop of Constantinople and by the Bishop of Jerusalem, both confirmed as patriarchates by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The patriarchs held both authority and precedence over fellow bishops in the Church. Among them, the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) was deemed to hold a higher status, by virtue of his position as the successor of Saint Peter. Moreover, the Pope's see was of particular importance, as Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire. Even

The Fashion Channel Pros & Cons

Overview At the completion of this assignment you will achieve the following module objective: 1 . Measure the profit impact of marketing segmentation strategies. Instructions You will be responsible for analyzing the corresponding case and posting your individual work in your group discussion forum by the specified due date (see course calendar for details). Post your answers to the case questions # 2 to 3 directly in the forum, it will save you and your teammates some time, and attach the corresponding excel spreadsheet with the financial analysis.A word of advice: Read the case questions before reading the case. Focus only on the information you need to answer the questions. Do your assignment in Word and always save it and then copy it over, you never know when you will be the victim of technology failure. It would also be helpful if you read the grading rubric before submitting your work. You will know exactly what is expected from you. The Fashion Cannel 1 . What are the pros a nd cons of the three segmentation scenarios?Read carefully the case and make a list of the pros and cons of each segmentation scenario. Use the following table to summarize your findings. Scenario 1: Broad-based Segmentation Scenario 2: Fashions focus I Scenario 3: Fashion's + I Planners/Shoppers I Targeting Cheapest because of easy implementation and I Compared to the 2007 numbers this segmentation I Compared to the 2007 numbers this I there is no need to develop new programming. I produces $100 million more in terms of net Segmentation yields almost $115 million I ISticks with old marketing approach which had I income. I more in terms of net income. I caused TFH to grow so quickly in the past I This segmentation improved TV ratings from 1. 0% | This scenario improves TV ratings from I I land become popular in its early years. Tit 1. 2% 11. 0% to 1. 2 % and average CPM from $2. 00 | I I Keeps executives calm â€Å"why fix something I The average CPM would increase from $2. 00 to T it $2. 50 I that's not broken† new segmentation TFH could I | $3. 50 I With this I Hits the target market of valuable 18-34 |It would help compete against Lifetime because Differentiate its programming from Females in all clusters. The ages of I current and future competition by existing loyal viewers | 18-34. 150% of fashion's are between Ill not drive any I producing programs specific to this I audience. I because not much will change. I I Delivers $40 million more in terms of net I I income compared to 2007 base number. I Cons I Luke-warm approach by attempting to satisfy I Results in 0. 2% decrease in TV ratings. I Although this segmentation producesI liverymen- TFH will not satisfy anyone. I This scenario requires $1 5 million incremental Desirable numbers in terms of TV ratings I I I Risk losing viewers to more targeted I programming expense to cover new programming. Land CPM, this scenario requires a $20 | I programs like CNN and Lifetime. This cluster is also the small est of the four I million incremental programming expense toll I CPM is still $0. 20 lower than the current luster's which could lead to a decrease in I account for re-positioned programming. I I CPM.I viewers from the other clusters. I TFH would only be targeting about 50% of I TFH would still struggle to compete with I Because this scenario targets the smallest I us households. I Lifetime and CNN without changing the luster, TFH awareness by consumers would not I This could lead to a decrease in their I programming offered by the channel. I change, and their TV ratings might decrease I loyal viewers and might negatively affect I I level more. I their TV ratings. 2. Estimate the impact of each segmentation strategy on the company's revenue.You will have to estimate the financial of the company using the excel the following scenarios: 2007 Base: No segmentation; drop in ad unit pricing (average CPM). File. Consider Scenario 1: Multi segments, targeting 3 groups (excluding Basics); i ncrease in ratings, decrease in ad unit pricing (average CPM). Scenario 2: One segment, Fashions: drop in ratings, increase in ad unit pricing (average CPM). Scenario 3: Two segments, Fashions and Shopper/Planner; increase in ratings and increase in ad unit pricing (average CPM). Individual Case 2 Questions

The Ethical Case for and Against Censorship of Pornography

The Ethical Case for and Against Censorship of Pornography When we think about pornography, we generally imagine the movies that are extremely explicit in the scenes of sexual character. Another side of pornography one can think of is the magazines like Playboy and Hustler. Pornography, however, is much wider and can be evidenced in the art, such as paintings, photos and sculptures dating centuries and centuries back. Pornography is extremely controversial topic and there are several opinions as to its acceptability and the way it should be treated and perceived on both official and non-official level. Some of people support pornography and claim that this art is essential for open and civilized society as a proof of freedom of thought. The others, however, believe that pornography contradicts the values and norms of modern civil society. For better or worse, but pornography has always been a part of human society with the only difference that it was more or less restricted, depending on place and time. Ethical aspects of pornography are widely discussed in literature, political and social circles and received a lot of attention in previous researches. The purpose of this work is, however, to re-fresh the analysis and receive latest trend in opinions of wide public on the ethical elements of pornography. The study will be fully based on the oral survey performed on the selected sample among the population of one chosen city in the United States. Apart from the primary research question and objectives, the research group decided to widen the scope of the analysis and develop a secondary research question that will look specifically at the single-sex pornography and ethic concerns in regards of this phenomenon.

Plastic Waste Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3561 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Plastic Waste Management 1. Plastics Waste: Environmental Issues and Challenges The quantum of solid waste is ever increasing due to increase in population, developmental activities, changes in life style, and socio-economic conditions, Plastics waste is a significant portion of the total municipal solid waste (MSW). It is estimated that approximately 10 thousand tons per day (TPD) of plastics waste is generated i. e. 9% of 1. 20 lacs TPD of MSW in the country. The plastics waste constitutes two major category of plastics; (i)Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics. Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and thermoset constitutes approximately 20% of total post-consumer plastics waste generated in India. The Thermoplastics are recyclable plastics which include; Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE), Poly Vinyl Chloride(PVC), High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene(PP), Polystyrene (PS) etc. Thermoset plastics contains alkyd, epoxy, ester, melamine formaldehyde, phenolic formaldehyde, silicon, urea formaldehyde, polyurethane, met alised and multilayer plastics etc. 2. HAZARDS OF THE PLASTIC WASTES The environmental hazards due to mismanagement of plastics waste include the following aspects: 1. Littered plastics spoils beauty of the city and choke drains and make important public places filthy; Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Plastic Waste Management" essay for you Create order 2. Garbage containing plastics, when burnt may cause air pollution by emitting polluting gases; 3. Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and may also cause problems in landfill operations; 4. Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing unhygienic problems to the environment. . Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003 Regulation of plastics waste, particularly manufacture and use of recycled plastics carry bags and containers is being regulated in the country as per Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 and as amended in 2003. According to these Rules: 3. 1. No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastic bags which are less than 8 x 12 inches in size and having thickness less than 20 microns. . 2. No vendor shall use carry bags/containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging of food stuffs; 3. 3. Carry bags and containers made of recycled plastic and used for purposes other than storing and packaging food stuffs shall be manufactured using pigments and colorants as per IS 9833:1981 entitled â€Å"List of pigments and colorants for use in plastics in contact with food stuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water†. . 4. Recycling of plastics shall be undertaken strictly in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standard specification: IS 14534:1998 entitled â€Å"The Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics† 3. 5. Manufacturers of recycled plastic carry bags having printing facilities shall code/mark carry bags an d containers as per Bureau of Indian Standard specification: IS 14534:1998 (The Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics). 3. 6. No person shall manufacture carry bags or containers irrespective of its size or weight unless the occupier of the unit has registered the unit with respective SPCB/PCC prior to the commencement of production. 3. 7. The prescribed authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules related to manufacturing and recycling is SPCB in respect of States and the PCC in Union Territories and for relating to use, collection, segregation, transportation and disposal shall be the District Collector/ Deputy Commissioner of the concerned district. . Options for Plastic Waste Management ?4. 1Recycling of plastics through environmentally sound manner: Recycling of plastics should be carried in such a manner to minimize the pollution during the process and as a result to enhance the efficiency of the process and conserve the energy. Plastics recycling technologies hav e been historically divided into four general types -primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary recycling involves processing of a waste/scrap into a product with characteristics similar to those of original product. Secondary recycling involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into materials that have characteristics different from those of original plastics product. Tertiary recycling involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels from plastics waste/scrap as part of the municipal waste stream or as a segregated waste. Quaternary recycling retrieves the energy content of waste/scrap plastics by burning / incineration. This process is not in use in India. 4. 2Steps Involved in the Recycling Process 4. 2. 1Selection: The recyclers / reprocessors have to select the waste / scrap which are suitable for recycling /reprocessing. . 2. 2Segregation: The plastics waste shall be segregated as per the Codes 1-7 mentioned in the BIS guidelines (IS:14534:1998). 4. 2. 3Process ing: After selection and segregation of the pre-consumer waste (factory waste) shall be directly recycled. The post consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded, agglomerated, extruded and granulated. 5. Polymer Coated Bitumen Road The CPCB has undertaken a project in collaboration with Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai to evaluate the performance of polymer coated built roads laid during 2002-2006 in different cities. The observations are as below: 5. 1. The coating of plastics over aggregate improves Impact, Los Angels Abrasion and Crushing Value with the increase in the percentage of plastics. 5. 2. The extracted bitumen showed almost near value for Marshall stability. The entire road was having good skid resistance and texture values. 5. 3. All the stretches in the roads have been found reasonably strong. 5. 4. The unevenness index values of these roads are nearly 3000 mm/km, which indicate a good surface evenness. 5. 5. The plastic tar roads have not d eveloped any potholes, rutting, raveling or edge flaw, even though these roads are more than four years of age. 5. 6. Polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix performs well compared to polymer modified bitumen mix. 5. 7. Higher percentage of polymer coating improves the binding strength of the mix. 5. 8. Foam plastics have better binding values. 6. Plastics waste disposal through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) Plasma Pyrolysis is a state of the art technology, which integrates the thermochemical properties of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities of PPT enable it to dispose off all types of plastic wastes including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner. 6. 1. Plasma Pyrolysis Technology In plasma pyrolysis, firstly the plastics waste is fed into the primary chamber at 8500C through a feeder. The waste material dissociates into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons etc. Induced draf t fan drains the pyrolysis gases as well as plastics waste into the secondary chamber, where these gases are combusted in the presence of excess air. The inflammable gases are ignited with high voltage spark. The secondary chamber temperature is maintained at around 10500 0C. The hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combusted into safe carbon dioxide and water. The process conditions are maintained so that it eliminates the possibility of formation of toxic dioxins and furans molecules (in case of chlorinated waste). The conversion of organic waste into non toxic gases (CO2, H2O) is more than 99% . The extreme conditions of Plasma kill stable bacteria such as Bacillus stereothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis immediately. Segregation of the waste is not necessary, as very high temperatures ensure treatment of all types of waste without discrimination. The CPCB has initiated the study in association with Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT), Institut e of Plasma Research (IPR). The objectives of the study are to conduct performance study of the PPT on 15 kg/hr prototype demonstration system developed by FCIPT/ IPR for proper disposal of plastics waste and also monitor air quality parameters e. g. suspended particulate matter (SPM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), benzene, dioxins, furans etc. ith regards to gaseous emissions. CPCB also proposes to undertake study on safe disposal of plastics waste using higher capacity (approx. 50 kg/hr) plasma pyrolysis system as in future and may set up prototype plasma pyrolysis plant on demonstration basis (15 kg/hr waste disposal capacity) at specific locations (hilly and pilgrimage) in consultation with State Government. 7. Conversion of Plastics waste into Liquid Fuel A research-cum-demonstration plant was set up at Nagpur, Maharashtra for conversion of waste plastics into liquid fuel. The process adopted is based on random de-polymerization of waste plastics into liquid fuel in presence of a catalyst. The entire process is undertaken in closed reactor vessel followed by condensation, if required. Waste plastics while heating upto 2700 0C to 30000 C convert into liquid-vapour state, which is collected in condensation chamber in the form of liquid fuel while the tarry liquid waste is topped-down from the heating reactor vessel. The organic gas is generated which is vented due to lack of storage facility. However, the gas can be used in dual fuel diesel-generator set for generation of electricity. The process includes the steps shown ahead: 7. 1Environment related observations during the process 1. There are no liquid industrial effluents and no floor washings as it is a dry process. 2. There are no organized stack and process emissions. 3. Odour of volatile organics has been experienced in the processing area due to some leakages or lack of proper sealing 4. Absolute conversion of liquid-vapour was not possible into liquid, some portion of gas (about 20%) is connected to the generator. However, the process will be improved in full-scale plant. 5. PVC plastics waste is not used and if used, it was less than 1%. In case PVC is used, the chlorine can be converted into hydrochloric acid as a by-product. 6. The charcoal (charcoal is formed due to tapping of tarry waste) generated during the process has been analysed and contain heavy metals, poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) which appears to be hazardous in nature. The source of metals in charcoal could be due to the presence of additives in plastics and due to multilayer and laminated plastics. 7. Monitoring of process fugitive emissions in the work area as well as emissions from the engines/diesel generator sets is necessarily required (where this liquid fuel is used) for various parameters such as CO, HCl, Styrene, Benzene, VOCs. 8. Biodegradable Plastics The environmentally degradable polyolefin films are defined as those materials that contain degradation process of polyolefin article (b ag/film/sheet) under conditions of composting. Often queries are raised regarding biodegradability of plastics but clear-cut answer is not available about the biodegradability of plastics. In view of above, CPCB has initiated a study in collaboration with Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) to establish the biodegradability and compostability (e. g. fragmentation rate, degradation rate and safety) of polymeric material available in India and abroad. The study will include: 1. Inventorisation and assessment of the manufacturing status of biodegradable plastics in India particularly with reference to processing technologies and the environmental issues. . Establishment of the degradation rate (change in chemical structure, decrease in mechanical strength, fragmentation or weight loss) of the polymeric material or plastics material under laboratory scale composting conditions. 3. Finding out self-life and its impact on environment (soil, water of plastics w ith reference to colour and additives, once it is disposed off) 4. Assessment of effects on foodstuffs with reference to natural colours and additives. . ASSESSMENT OF DELHI IN WASTE DISPOSAL 9. 1Write about short introduction of Delhi 9. 2. Delhi lags way behind in waste disposal â€Å"Capital generates about 6,000 tonnes of solid waste daily, reveals study† NEW DELHI: While Delhi steals a march over all other metropolitan cities across the country in generating municipal waste, it lags far behind in waste disposal and recycling, according to a new study on Solid waste management and its disposal conducted by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). The study reveals that Delhi is able to dispose of and recycle only 62 per cent of its solid waste as against Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai, where the figure stands at 86 per cent, 85 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively. Kolkata has been cited as an exception in removing its municipal waste to the extent of 90 per cent, making it a city of people with a much better civic sense, reveals the ASSOCHAM study. According to the study, Delhi generates about 6,000 tonnes of solid waste daily as against 5,800 tonnes by Mumbai, 2,800 by Bangalore, 2,675 tonnes by Chennai and 4,000 tonnes by Kolkata. The study refers to Kerala that has created a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to dispose of its solid waste for power generation by closely integrating its 60 municipalities with three intermediate depots to collect its garbage and waste to dispose it of in large containers. Similar models should be emulated by other cities to collect their solid waste which should be recycled for commercial use, says ASSOCHAM president Venugopal N. Dhoot, emphasising the need for a national waste policy. Acknowledging the role of rag pickers in clearing solid waste, the study notes that in Delhi alone there are 85,000 of them and the total quantum of waste collected by the pickers is 900 tonnes a day, which is about 19 per cent of the total waste generated every day. The MCD spent about 2. 4 billion rupees to manage garbage generated during the year. Thus rag pickers saved the municipal authorities more than 250 million rupees, the study says. 9. 3Hazardous It points out that urban residents generate 350 gm to 1,000 gm of solid waste every day and with the increase in population and rising income, urban India is becoming a throwaway society. The waste in bigger cities is generally paper, plastics, metal and hazardous materials apart from vegetables wastes. Bio-degradable households waste has far less impact than the waste generated by activities like manufacturing of goods, the study notes. The present annual solid waste generated in Indian cities has increased from 48 million tones in 1997 to 95 million tonnes, which might exceed 150 million tonnes over the next seven years, says Mr. Dhoot. NEW DELHI, FEBRUARY 23: Indias booming economy is producing mountains of toxic electronic waste like discarded computers and televisions, but there are no laws to regulate its disposal, a local environment group said on Friday. Toxics Link said while the Asian giants economy has been growing at eight per cent annually over the last three years, it has also resulted in the generation of 150,000 tonnes of electronic waste each year. An eight-month study by the group found that Indias bustling financial hub of Mumbai was the biggest source of electronic or e-waste, generating 19,000 tonnes every year. Being the hub of Indias commercial activities, the banks and financial institutions in Mumbai generate huge amounts of e-waste, Ravi Agarwal, Director of Toxics Link, told a news conference. But like the rest of India, there are no laws for its safe handling and this will lead to serious health and environmental impacts. Agarwal said the government had to regulate the management of e-waste by setting up a central authority to collect all discarded electronic goods and put in place laws to deal with disposal and recycling. Indias economic liberalisation that began in the early 1990s has seen hundreds of banks, financial institutions, electronics industries, information technology firms and call centres setting up operations across the country. The booming economy has also led to a growing middle classestimated around 300 millionwhich has more disposable income and an insatiable appetite for electronic products. When electronics like televisions, PCs and efrigerators are discarded, it is the informal sector made up of tens of thousands of people who collect it and then break it down and recycle parts of it which can be sold, said Agarwal. They extract toxic-heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium which are sold for other uses. These metals harm the development of the brain, kidneys and some are carcinogens which enter the food chain through the air, water and soil. 10. ASSESSMENT OF SIKKIM IN WASTE DISPOSAL 10. 1. Write about short introducti on of sikkim 10. 2. URBAN ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: AN ATTEMPT BY GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM 10. 2. 1. OBJECTIVES 1. Ban on plastic bags was mainly for avoidance of Natural Calamities as Land Slides. 2. To provide clean and healthy urban and rural environment. 3. To make Sikkim plastic free state in India. 4. To check soil pollution. 5. To secure the future of coming generation by providing them with plastic free environment. 6. To show concern over global fight against the use of plastic. 10. 3. STATUS ON SOLID WASTE BEFORE THE ENACTMENT OF THE SIKKIM NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1997:- The total accumulation of solid waste in the capital town of Gangtok is estimated to be 50 MT per day but only a fraction of this quantity is being collected and dumped. The rest are still thrown into the jhora and elsewhere despite restrictions. 10. 3. 1. Shops/Households dumped their solid wastes into permanent community bins or mobile garbage bins provided by the Go vernment. Garbage littered outside were swept by Safai karmacharies and deposited into these bins. 10. 3. 2. The Conservancy staff of the Department collected them from these bins in to the garbage vehicles for transportation to the dumping yard. 10. 3. 3. The solid wastes were thereafter thrown in the valley sides of roads generally as there was no designated dumping yard. 10. 3. 4. Garbage/wastes/spoils were alternatively dumped by the public indiscriminately in to the jhoras (natural permanent drains). 10. 3. 5. Shopping plastic bags were used and littered freely. 10. 3. 6. Because the plastic bags/materials are light weight, rain water carried them along its course but got stuck on the slightest obstruction in the flow. The jhoras were full of them. 10. 3. 7. Drains and sewage pipes got choked or blocked leading to diversion of the discharge and consequential damage to life and property in the valley side which course they undertake naturally in the hills. 10. 3. 8. In the villa ges, the plastics hindered seeds germination and their growth when they confronted plastics in the soil. 10. 3. 9. Animals often ate them up with fodder leading to consequential ill-health. 10. 3. 10. When burnt it emitted toxic fume in to the atmosphere but were not burnt out totally as the slag still remained. Plastics reportedly do not degrade for over 200 years, and unless it is burnt, the volume does not reduce. 11. REGULATORY ACTION BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT The State Government enacted the Sikkim Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 1997, on 30th April, 1997. Salient features of the Act are:- 11. 1. Prohibiting the throwing of non-degradable garbage in public drains and sewage. (Section 3) 11. 2. Provision for placement of receptacles and places for deposit of non-biodegradable garbage, and to provide separate dustbins for deposit of non-biodegradable and bio-degradable garbage. Section 4) 11. 3. Duty of owners and occupiers to collect and deposit non-biodegradable garbage etc. (Section 5) 11. 4. Provision for imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month or with fine which may extend to rupees five thousand, or with both. (Section 8) 11. 5. To enhance the effectiveness of the Act, the Sikkim Trade License and Miscellaneous Provisions Rules, 1985, was also amended banning use of plastic bags by Shopkeepers as well as for maintaining separate bins as prescribed for the Bio-degradable and Non-biodegradable / medical wastes depending upon the type of shop. 1. 6. Rules were framed under section 17 of the Sikkim Non-Biodegradable Garbage (control) Act, 1997, after inviting comments of the public and receiving suggestions from the Department of Health and Family Welfare. The Notification came into effect from 30th March, 2001. Under the Rules the following provisions have been made: 11. 6. 1. Division of areas into garbage collection / garbage management zones for the purpose of scavenging and cleaning the garbage. (Rule 3) 11. 6. 2. Constitution of Garbage Waste Management Committee. (Rule 4) 11. 6. 3. Provision for different colours and inscription on receptacles/garbage bins. (Rule 6). 11. 6. 4. Prohibition in littering or throwing of wastes. (Rules 8 and 9) 11. 6. 5. Power to entry, inspect or execute work. (Rule 11) 11. 6. 6. With the intervention of the High Court of Sikkim, the Sikkim Non-Biodegradable Grabage (Control) Act, 1997 was further amended to provide for compulsory imprisonment for a minimum period of one month and fine of minimum Rs. 5000/- against the guilty. 12. IMPLEMENTATION/EXECUTION 12. 1. Land was acquired for land-fill and composting where the segregation of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable is undertaken. 12. 2. Before implementation of the provisions of the Act, they were published for information of the general public. 12. 3. Continuous monitoring on the implementation of the provisions of the Act and Rules by Shop-keepers and occupiers was undertaken. 12. 4. The shop-keepers/occupiers were educ ated as part of the extension programme to motivate them for following the provisions which was beneficial to them as well as the general public. 2. 5. The Safai karmacharies were briefed about the provisions of the Act. 12. 6. Deterrent fines were imposed against those not following the directions and advice of the Government functionaries. 12. 7. Surprise checks were undertaken to ensure that the plastic bags were not being used and where detected, the materials were confiscated and fine imposed. 12. 8. Subsequently a new system to collect garbage from shops, houses of the towns in the National Highway directly from the shops/houses to the garbage collection vehicles was introduced. This was done only after the people being affected by the system were educated through an appeal in a pamphlet form. The people have totally participated in the programme. 12. 9. The use of community bins along the Highway previously provided for deposit of garbage by the cluster of houses around was d iscontinued. 12. 10. Although the Rules came into effect only from 30th March, 2001, the Government began acting on the basis of the provisions of the Act itself. 13. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 13. 1. The success in the venture was the public participation. 3. 2. Deliberations, mass media and discussions with the Panchayats and the NGOS led to the successful implementation and the extension of the Act. 13. 3. Consequently this led to formation of Garbage Waste Management Committee to assist and devise the efficient collection and disposal of the waste. The committee comprises of public representative of the area and two responsible persons of the area and the representative of the Department. 13. 4. Now the collection of garbage from each and every corner of the coty has become quite successful for which trucks has been allotted to each locality which collects the garbage and dumps in the treatment plant. 14. BENEFITS 14. 1. The drains and Jhoras and the sewerage lines have free flow and hence reduced chances of calamity. 14. 2. The towns and bazaars are free from plastics and appear clean. 14. 3. Chances of diversion of rain-water due to clogging is almost nil. 14. 4. Awareness among people have increased about the harmfulness of using plastic bags.

Government Intervention On Kazakhstan Oil Industry Essay

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The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Example For Students

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Cuban Missile CrisisOn August 6, 1945, the world changed forever. The United States had sent a B-29 bomber plane named Enola Gay to fly over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and drop the first atomic bomb ever Little Boy . The world had never experienced anything like it. One hundred thousand died almost instantly most of them were civilians. Three days later, in Nagasaki, another bomb Fat Man was dropped. This time roughly forty thousand died. The people of the world were glad to see that the bombs ended most destructive war ever, but over the course of the forty years the world feared a nuclear battle that could wipe out all humankind off of the face of the Earth. The images that were coming from the aftermath of the bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki affected almost every person in the world in all aspects. The image of the mushroom-shaped cloud and the desolate city would remain in every persons mind as an image of destruction and as a warning of the danger of a nuclear war. The Manhattan Project was the code name for an effort to create an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named for the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers because most of the early research was done in New York City . Refugee physicists sparked the project soon after German scientists had discovered nuclear fission in 1 938. Many American scientists feared that Hitler and the Germans would produce a nuclear bomb; consequently, they contacted Albert Einstein to write a letter to United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to help the production of the first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt agreed to assist the scientists and they began the Manhattan Project. The development took place at laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, located on an isolated mesa. The project was to be kept classified under all circumstances. The scientists working at the plant could not even tell their wives about their work, unless they worked there themselves. All the mail in the town was censored; everybody was restricted to a two hundred mile radius and residents were forbidden to tell their friends where they lived. No one in the community had a name; rather everyone was either a sir or mister. The most serious threat to the security of the project was the hiring of Klaus Fuchs who was found guilty of obtaining top-secret d ocuments and sending them to the Soviet Union. He allowed for the Soviets to create their own atomic bomb and caused fear among the American people. The decisions to actually use the bomb the first time were critical. Firstly, President Roosevelt never lived to see the final product of the Manhattan Project. He died on April 12, 1945 at Warm Springs, GA, at the age of 63 and Harry S. Truman became his successor. All the responsibilities were soon placed on the new president. Truman knew nothing about the bomb and its effects, but decided quickly to use it on the Japanese. The president was warned that the bomb was very powerful and that it should not be used unless the Japanese refused to surrender. Nevertheless, Truman decided to go along with his plan and bomb Japan until they surrendered. Truman wanted revenge from the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor, except that it would be one hundred times as devastating. On August 6, 1945, the aircraft Enola Gay flew over Hiroshima and dropp ed the first atomic bomb ever. At approximately 8:15 AM the bomb exploded about two thousand feet above ground, where today a building stands, called the A-Bomb Dome. It took almost a minute for the bomb to explode after its descent from the plane. The world would be changed forever. The pilot of the Enola Gay, Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets, wrote, A bright light filled the plane we turned back to look at Hiroshima. The city was hidden by that awful cloud boiling up, mushrooming. . Many people who saw the bomb say that it was like another sun; the heat released burned everything in its path, including people. The winds from the blast tore down houses and buildings in a 1.5-mile radius. Three days later, another bomb the Fat Man was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although the energy created by this bomb was greater than the Little Boy dropped in Hiroshima, the damage was slighter. Approximately forty thousand died outright and seventy thousand in total had died by the end of th e year due to radiation. An estimated two hundred thousand people died in total due to the effects of the bombings. Many people still argue whether the bombings were necessary or not. The devastation became more real in 1996, when new video footage was released in 1996. The footage was found by accident in a Tokyo film vault. It shows images of people walking through the rubble with trees stripped of their leaves, babies with their entire bodies covered with burns and men whose hair had been burned off and skin had melted from their heads. Shortly after the war was over, the relation between the United States and the Soviet Union started getting tense. During the Manhattan Project, the Soviets started looking into the building of their own nuclear Bomb. The Soviets tested their own bomb four years after the United States dropped the first one on Japan. The United States and Russia were already engaged in the Cold War, and both countries were now in a race to build up their armed for ces. The Arms Race was a competition between both countries to scare each other by creating bigger, more powerful missiles and bombs. Usually the United States was more advanced than the Soviet Union in technology and the Soviets tried to catch up as quickly as possible and neither stopped. The American people thought that the Russians had more, better missiles than the United States had because of Soviet Premier Khrushchev boasting over his countrys status. Eventually, American officials show this to be false. As the Cold War continued, the fear of a nuclear holocaust grew and proposals for arms reduction began, but the fear still remained. In 1961, the United States formed the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, which dealt with the government policy concerning nuclear testing and arms control. In May of 1972 the first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) came to an end and a treaty had been signed by United States and the Soviet Union to limit the production of anti-ballisti c missile systems. Since then, many arms control treaties have followed, but nuclear arms were still being built. Throughout the Cold War people feared nuclear war, but the world was never closer to one then during the Cuban Missile Crisis. There would be no winner in a nuclear war; only destruction would remain. For fourteen days in October of 1962 American and Soviet troops were prepared to attack one another and were ready to use nuclear weapons. This was probably the peak of tension during the Cold War. In 1962, the Soviet Union was behind the United States in the arms race. The missiles that the Russians had were powerful enough to attack other European nations, but did not have enough distance to travel to the United States, but American missiles were capable of hitting any part of Russia because the Americans had already placed their own missiles in Turkey clandestinely. In late April, 1962, Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev then devised the plan to install mid-range missiles in Cuba, ninety miles off the coast of the United States. This plan would double Soviet arsenal and would surprise the Americans completely. Meanwhile, the Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from any attack. After the failed Bay of Pigs on Cuba of 1961, by the United States, Castro believed that a second attack was certain. To provide some protection for his country, he approved Khrushchevs plan to place missiles in Cuba. By the summer of 1962, the Soviet Union was working quickly and secretly to build the missile installations on the island. For the United States the crisis began on October 15, 1962 when reconnaissance photographs were taken of Soviet missile installations under construction in Cuba. The next morning, President John F. Kennedy was made aware of the situation in Cuba and quickly assembled a group of twelve advisors, called EX-COMM, to help him throughout the crisis. After seven days of intense discussion with government o fficials, he ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba to prevent any more weapons form arriving at the island. On October 22, 1962, President Kennedy made the events public and tensions rose throughout the world. Kennedy demanded that all Russian arms be removed from Cuba immediately. During the crisis Kennedy ordered low-level missions over Cuba every two hours to keep watch over the progress. On the twenty-fifth Kennedy moved the quarantine line back and raised the military readiness level. Then on the twenty-sixth the United States government received a letter from Soviet Premier Khrushchev promising that the Soviets would retreat form Cuba under the condition that the American government would not plan another attack on Cuba, but the next day was worse. A plane was shot down over Cuba and another letter arrived from Khrushchev. This time the Soviet Premier asked for more in return for the removal of arms from Cuba. Khrushchev now asked that the United States remove all missiles from T urkey in return for the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Attorney General Robert Kennedy suggested that the government ignore the new letter and agree only to the first. On the twenty-eighth tensions began to ease when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missile installations in Cuba confiding in the United States assurance that they would not attack Cuba. The tensions during the crisis were extremely high and Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations Anatoly Gribkov described it best Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread and we werent counting days or hours, but minutes. As the tension from the missile crisis subdued, the Cold War continued and the fear of a nuclear holocaust lingered while the United States and the Soviet Union were still engaged in the Cold War with one another. The two countries still tried to find ways to get closer to the other with their nuclear arms. Now the countries tried to launchmissiles from submarines near the coast of the opposing country, but the plan d id not work because of closeness to the country. The submarines would get detected tooeasily, so the plans continued. The Space Race also began to take place. The Russians launched Sputnik: he first man-made satellite to space, but it was not only asatellite, but a spy camera as well. It could take pictures of license plates on cars and it was illegal to shoot down anything outside the atmosphere. So the Soviets wereable to see what the Americans were doing without violating any law. In Russia, after the death of Russian General Secretary Konstantin Chernenko in 1985, a great change was going to occur for Russia and for the world. One of the greatreformers of the time, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, would slowly rise to the power in Russia. Between 1985 and 1990, Russia progressed dramatically. By 1990,Communism had died in Russia and General Secretary Gorbachev was now President Gorbachev. The Cold War had been going on since 1945 and the tension betweenthe United States and Russia escalated more each day. No one knew what to expect from either country at any given time. The nuclear arms build-up and lack of negotiating caused for the Cold War to reach the heights that it did, but Russian President Gorbachev and United States PresidentReagan were set to compromise and allow the fear of the world to be suppressed. Reagan, at the beginning of his presidency, changed Americas view on the arms race. The country was trying to produce less nuclear arms during the Nixon era and after,but Reagan started to buildup arms once again. He believed that this way he would scare the Soviets into Westernizing. The arms race that Reagan started was much likethat which occurred in the period of time between the end of World War II (1945) until Stalins death in 1953. He began building MX missiles and started B-1 bomberprograms once again, and started the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as the Star Wars defense program. People now began to fear a Nuclear Winter aft er the renewed arms race of the early Reagan administration. People believed that the sky would turn gray from ashesremaining from the bombs and no sunlight would get through. The sky would remain dark for a very long time and the earth would slowly become lifeless and desolate. Reagans administration began its early years with an ardent objective to produce more arms quickly to scare the Russians, but towards the later years of his command, his ideas changed, much to the disarray of his loyal supporters. For the preceding thirty years the United States and Russia were at competition trying to manufacture the most nuclear arms possible, but Reagan and the world were aware at the end of the 1980s that the arms race was not only between the two countries anymore. More than twenty nations had now entered the arms race and they posed a threat to international security. Many people believe that Reagan was responsible for the end of the Cold War, but others disagree and say that Russian P resident Gorbachev was the one that put more towards the end of the Cold War and helped end the fear of war between theUnited States and Russia. Some believe that the United States won this war not because of Reagans military buildup and the fear imposed on the Soviets and Gorbachev, but because the Soviet President knew the situation in which the Soviet Union was economically. He had no other choice but to act upon it correctly. Then it can be said that Gorbachev won the war, but a true winner for the Cold War cannot be named. In all wars there are decisive battles fought and at the end one party will emerge victorious, but the Cold War was distinct and a winner cannot be determined clearly. Many people say that the true victor was democracy. Since the end of the Second World War and the blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States and the Soviet Union have been rivals at everything. Their battle was most evident through the Cold War and the most important aspect of it the arms race. Both countries built missiles, spied on each other and advanced themselves hoping for the other to give in. But no one really knew what reason the war had for carrying on so many years except the fact that both countries were struggling to be the most powerful in the world. A nuclear war could not be won by anyone. The aftermath of a nuclear war would leave nothing and no one to retell the story. The events that occurred during the Cold War taught the world of the effects of a possible nuclear war and made people afraid enough to help elude nuclear war at all costs. Any nuclear war would have inevitably caused death, disease, and suffering of pandemic proportions and without the possibility of effective medical intervention. The only hope for humanity is prevention of any form of nuclear war Muscle System Essay