Friday, December 27, 2019

Plastic Waste Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3561 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Plastic Waste Management 1. Plastics Waste: Environmental Issues and Challenges The quantum of solid waste is ever increasing due to increase in population, developmental activities, changes in life style, and socio-economic conditions, Plastics waste is a significant portion of the total municipal solid waste (MSW). It is estimated that approximately 10 thousand tons per day (TPD) of plastics waste is generated i. e. 9% of 1. 20 lacs TPD of MSW in the country. The plastics waste constitutes two major category of plastics; (i)Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics. Thermoplastics, constitutes 80% and thermoset constitutes approximately 20% of total post-consumer plastics waste generated in India. The Thermoplastics are recyclable plastics which include; Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE), Poly Vinyl Chloride(PVC), High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene(PP), Polystyrene (PS) etc. Thermoset plastics contains alkyd, epoxy, ester, melamine formaldehyde, phenolic formaldehyde, silicon, urea formaldehyde, polyurethane, met alised and multilayer plastics etc. 2. HAZARDS OF THE PLASTIC WASTES The environmental hazards due to mismanagement of plastics waste include the following aspects: 1. Littered plastics spoils beauty of the city and choke drains and make important public places filthy; Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Plastic Waste Management" essay for you Create order 2. Garbage containing plastics, when burnt may cause air pollution by emitting polluting gases; 3. Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and may also cause problems in landfill operations; 4. Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing unhygienic problems to the environment. . Main Features of the Plastics Manufacture and Usage (Amendment) Rules, 2003 Regulation of plastics waste, particularly manufacture and use of recycled plastics carry bags and containers is being regulated in the country as per Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 and as amended in 2003. According to these Rules: 3. 1. No person shall manufacture, stock, distribute or sell carry bags made of virgin or recycled plastic bags which are less than 8 x 12 inches in size and having thickness less than 20 microns. . 2. No vendor shall use carry bags/containers made of recycled plastics for storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging of food stuffs; 3. 3. Carry bags and containers made of recycled plastic and used for purposes other than storing and packaging food stuffs shall be manufactured using pigments and colorants as per IS 9833:1981 entitled â€Å"List of pigments and colorants for use in plastics in contact with food stuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water†. . 4. Recycling of plastics shall be undertaken strictly in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standard specification: IS 14534:1998 entitled â€Å"The Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics† 3. 5. Manufacturers of recycled plastic carry bags having printing facilities shall code/mark carry bags an d containers as per Bureau of Indian Standard specification: IS 14534:1998 (The Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics). 3. 6. No person shall manufacture carry bags or containers irrespective of its size or weight unless the occupier of the unit has registered the unit with respective SPCB/PCC prior to the commencement of production. 3. 7. The prescribed authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules related to manufacturing and recycling is SPCB in respect of States and the PCC in Union Territories and for relating to use, collection, segregation, transportation and disposal shall be the District Collector/ Deputy Commissioner of the concerned district. . Options for Plastic Waste Management ?4. 1Recycling of plastics through environmentally sound manner: Recycling of plastics should be carried in such a manner to minimize the pollution during the process and as a result to enhance the efficiency of the process and conserve the energy. Plastics recycling technologies hav e been historically divided into four general types -primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Primary recycling involves processing of a waste/scrap into a product with characteristics similar to those of original product. Secondary recycling involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into materials that have characteristics different from those of original plastics product. Tertiary recycling involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels from plastics waste/scrap as part of the municipal waste stream or as a segregated waste. Quaternary recycling retrieves the energy content of waste/scrap plastics by burning / incineration. This process is not in use in India. 4. 2Steps Involved in the Recycling Process 4. 2. 1Selection: The recyclers / reprocessors have to select the waste / scrap which are suitable for recycling /reprocessing. . 2. 2Segregation: The plastics waste shall be segregated as per the Codes 1-7 mentioned in the BIS guidelines (IS:14534:1998). 4. 2. 3Process ing: After selection and segregation of the pre-consumer waste (factory waste) shall be directly recycled. The post consumer waste (used plastic waste) shall be washed, shredded, agglomerated, extruded and granulated. 5. Polymer Coated Bitumen Road The CPCB has undertaken a project in collaboration with Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai to evaluate the performance of polymer coated built roads laid during 2002-2006 in different cities. The observations are as below: 5. 1. The coating of plastics over aggregate improves Impact, Los Angels Abrasion and Crushing Value with the increase in the percentage of plastics. 5. 2. The extracted bitumen showed almost near value for Marshall stability. The entire road was having good skid resistance and texture values. 5. 3. All the stretches in the roads have been found reasonably strong. 5. 4. The unevenness index values of these roads are nearly 3000 mm/km, which indicate a good surface evenness. 5. 5. The plastic tar roads have not d eveloped any potholes, rutting, raveling or edge flaw, even though these roads are more than four years of age. 5. 6. Polymer coated aggregate bitumen mix performs well compared to polymer modified bitumen mix. 5. 7. Higher percentage of polymer coating improves the binding strength of the mix. 5. 8. Foam plastics have better binding values. 6. Plastics waste disposal through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) Plasma Pyrolysis is a state of the art technology, which integrates the thermochemical properties of plasma with the pyrolysis process. The intense and versatile heat generation capabilities of PPT enable it to dispose off all types of plastic wastes including polymeric, biomedical and hazardous waste in a safe and reliable manner. 6. 1. Plasma Pyrolysis Technology In plasma pyrolysis, firstly the plastics waste is fed into the primary chamber at 8500C through a feeder. The waste material dissociates into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, higher hydrocarbons etc. Induced draf t fan drains the pyrolysis gases as well as plastics waste into the secondary chamber, where these gases are combusted in the presence of excess air. The inflammable gases are ignited with high voltage spark. The secondary chamber temperature is maintained at around 10500 0C. The hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and hydrogen are combusted into safe carbon dioxide and water. The process conditions are maintained so that it eliminates the possibility of formation of toxic dioxins and furans molecules (in case of chlorinated waste). The conversion of organic waste into non toxic gases (CO2, H2O) is more than 99% . The extreme conditions of Plasma kill stable bacteria such as Bacillus stereothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis immediately. Segregation of the waste is not necessary, as very high temperatures ensure treatment of all types of waste without discrimination. The CPCB has initiated the study in association with Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT), Institut e of Plasma Research (IPR). The objectives of the study are to conduct performance study of the PPT on 15 kg/hr prototype demonstration system developed by FCIPT/ IPR for proper disposal of plastics waste and also monitor air quality parameters e. g. suspended particulate matter (SPM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), benzene, dioxins, furans etc. ith regards to gaseous emissions. CPCB also proposes to undertake study on safe disposal of plastics waste using higher capacity (approx. 50 kg/hr) plasma pyrolysis system as in future and may set up prototype plasma pyrolysis plant on demonstration basis (15 kg/hr waste disposal capacity) at specific locations (hilly and pilgrimage) in consultation with State Government. 7. Conversion of Plastics waste into Liquid Fuel A research-cum-demonstration plant was set up at Nagpur, Maharashtra for conversion of waste plastics into liquid fuel. The process adopted is based on random de-polymerization of waste plastics into liquid fuel in presence of a catalyst. The entire process is undertaken in closed reactor vessel followed by condensation, if required. Waste plastics while heating upto 2700 0C to 30000 C convert into liquid-vapour state, which is collected in condensation chamber in the form of liquid fuel while the tarry liquid waste is topped-down from the heating reactor vessel. The organic gas is generated which is vented due to lack of storage facility. However, the gas can be used in dual fuel diesel-generator set for generation of electricity. The process includes the steps shown ahead: 7. 1Environment related observations during the process 1. There are no liquid industrial effluents and no floor washings as it is a dry process. 2. There are no organized stack and process emissions. 3. Odour of volatile organics has been experienced in the processing area due to some leakages or lack of proper sealing 4. Absolute conversion of liquid-vapour was not possible into liquid, some portion of gas (about 20%) is connected to the generator. However, the process will be improved in full-scale plant. 5. PVC plastics waste is not used and if used, it was less than 1%. In case PVC is used, the chlorine can be converted into hydrochloric acid as a by-product. 6. The charcoal (charcoal is formed due to tapping of tarry waste) generated during the process has been analysed and contain heavy metals, poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) which appears to be hazardous in nature. The source of metals in charcoal could be due to the presence of additives in plastics and due to multilayer and laminated plastics. 7. Monitoring of process fugitive emissions in the work area as well as emissions from the engines/diesel generator sets is necessarily required (where this liquid fuel is used) for various parameters such as CO, HCl, Styrene, Benzene, VOCs. 8. Biodegradable Plastics The environmentally degradable polyolefin films are defined as those materials that contain degradation process of polyolefin article (b ag/film/sheet) under conditions of composting. Often queries are raised regarding biodegradability of plastics but clear-cut answer is not available about the biodegradability of plastics. In view of above, CPCB has initiated a study in collaboration with Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) to establish the biodegradability and compostability (e. g. fragmentation rate, degradation rate and safety) of polymeric material available in India and abroad. The study will include: 1. Inventorisation and assessment of the manufacturing status of biodegradable plastics in India particularly with reference to processing technologies and the environmental issues. . Establishment of the degradation rate (change in chemical structure, decrease in mechanical strength, fragmentation or weight loss) of the polymeric material or plastics material under laboratory scale composting conditions. 3. Finding out self-life and its impact on environment (soil, water of plastics w ith reference to colour and additives, once it is disposed off) 4. Assessment of effects on foodstuffs with reference to natural colours and additives. . ASSESSMENT OF DELHI IN WASTE DISPOSAL 9. 1Write about short introduction of Delhi 9. 2. Delhi lags way behind in waste disposal â€Å"Capital generates about 6,000 tonnes of solid waste daily, reveals study† NEW DELHI: While Delhi steals a march over all other metropolitan cities across the country in generating municipal waste, it lags far behind in waste disposal and recycling, according to a new study on Solid waste management and its disposal conducted by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). The study reveals that Delhi is able to dispose of and recycle only 62 per cent of its solid waste as against Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai, where the figure stands at 86 per cent, 85 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively. Kolkata has been cited as an exception in removing its municipal waste to the extent of 90 per cent, making it a city of people with a much better civic sense, reveals the ASSOCHAM study. According to the study, Delhi generates about 6,000 tonnes of solid waste daily as against 5,800 tonnes by Mumbai, 2,800 by Bangalore, 2,675 tonnes by Chennai and 4,000 tonnes by Kolkata. The study refers to Kerala that has created a special purpose vehicle (SPV) to dispose of its solid waste for power generation by closely integrating its 60 municipalities with three intermediate depots to collect its garbage and waste to dispose it of in large containers. Similar models should be emulated by other cities to collect their solid waste which should be recycled for commercial use, says ASSOCHAM president Venugopal N. Dhoot, emphasising the need for a national waste policy. Acknowledging the role of rag pickers in clearing solid waste, the study notes that in Delhi alone there are 85,000 of them and the total quantum of waste collected by the pickers is 900 tonnes a day, which is about 19 per cent of the total waste generated every day. The MCD spent about 2. 4 billion rupees to manage garbage generated during the year. Thus rag pickers saved the municipal authorities more than 250 million rupees, the study says. 9. 3Hazardous It points out that urban residents generate 350 gm to 1,000 gm of solid waste every day and with the increase in population and rising income, urban India is becoming a throwaway society. The waste in bigger cities is generally paper, plastics, metal and hazardous materials apart from vegetables wastes. Bio-degradable households waste has far less impact than the waste generated by activities like manufacturing of goods, the study notes. The present annual solid waste generated in Indian cities has increased from 48 million tones in 1997 to 95 million tonnes, which might exceed 150 million tonnes over the next seven years, says Mr. Dhoot. NEW DELHI, FEBRUARY 23: Indias booming economy is producing mountains of toxic electronic waste like discarded computers and televisions, but there are no laws to regulate its disposal, a local environment group said on Friday. Toxics Link said while the Asian giants economy has been growing at eight per cent annually over the last three years, it has also resulted in the generation of 150,000 tonnes of electronic waste each year. An eight-month study by the group found that Indias bustling financial hub of Mumbai was the biggest source of electronic or e-waste, generating 19,000 tonnes every year. Being the hub of Indias commercial activities, the banks and financial institutions in Mumbai generate huge amounts of e-waste, Ravi Agarwal, Director of Toxics Link, told a news conference. But like the rest of India, there are no laws for its safe handling and this will lead to serious health and environmental impacts. Agarwal said the government had to regulate the management of e-waste by setting up a central authority to collect all discarded electronic goods and put in place laws to deal with disposal and recycling. Indias economic liberalisation that began in the early 1990s has seen hundreds of banks, financial institutions, electronics industries, information technology firms and call centres setting up operations across the country. The booming economy has also led to a growing middle classestimated around 300 millionwhich has more disposable income and an insatiable appetite for electronic products. When electronics like televisions, PCs and efrigerators are discarded, it is the informal sector made up of tens of thousands of people who collect it and then break it down and recycle parts of it which can be sold, said Agarwal. They extract toxic-heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium which are sold for other uses. These metals harm the development of the brain, kidneys and some are carcinogens which enter the food chain through the air, water and soil. 10. ASSESSMENT OF SIKKIM IN WASTE DISPOSAL 10. 1. Write about short introducti on of sikkim 10. 2. URBAN ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: AN ATTEMPT BY GOVERNMENT OF SIKKIM 10. 2. 1. OBJECTIVES 1. Ban on plastic bags was mainly for avoidance of Natural Calamities as Land Slides. 2. To provide clean and healthy urban and rural environment. 3. To make Sikkim plastic free state in India. 4. To check soil pollution. 5. To secure the future of coming generation by providing them with plastic free environment. 6. To show concern over global fight against the use of plastic. 10. 3. STATUS ON SOLID WASTE BEFORE THE ENACTMENT OF THE SIKKIM NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE (CONTROL) ACT, 1997:- The total accumulation of solid waste in the capital town of Gangtok is estimated to be 50 MT per day but only a fraction of this quantity is being collected and dumped. The rest are still thrown into the jhora and elsewhere despite restrictions. 10. 3. 1. Shops/Households dumped their solid wastes into permanent community bins or mobile garbage bins provided by the Go vernment. Garbage littered outside were swept by Safai karmacharies and deposited into these bins. 10. 3. 2. The Conservancy staff of the Department collected them from these bins in to the garbage vehicles for transportation to the dumping yard. 10. 3. 3. The solid wastes were thereafter thrown in the valley sides of roads generally as there was no designated dumping yard. 10. 3. 4. Garbage/wastes/spoils were alternatively dumped by the public indiscriminately in to the jhoras (natural permanent drains). 10. 3. 5. Shopping plastic bags were used and littered freely. 10. 3. 6. Because the plastic bags/materials are light weight, rain water carried them along its course but got stuck on the slightest obstruction in the flow. The jhoras were full of them. 10. 3. 7. Drains and sewage pipes got choked or blocked leading to diversion of the discharge and consequential damage to life and property in the valley side which course they undertake naturally in the hills. 10. 3. 8. In the villa ges, the plastics hindered seeds germination and their growth when they confronted plastics in the soil. 10. 3. 9. Animals often ate them up with fodder leading to consequential ill-health. 10. 3. 10. When burnt it emitted toxic fume in to the atmosphere but were not burnt out totally as the slag still remained. Plastics reportedly do not degrade for over 200 years, and unless it is burnt, the volume does not reduce. 11. REGULATORY ACTION BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT The State Government enacted the Sikkim Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 1997, on 30th April, 1997. Salient features of the Act are:- 11. 1. Prohibiting the throwing of non-degradable garbage in public drains and sewage. (Section 3) 11. 2. Provision for placement of receptacles and places for deposit of non-biodegradable garbage, and to provide separate dustbins for deposit of non-biodegradable and bio-degradable garbage. Section 4) 11. 3. Duty of owners and occupiers to collect and deposit non-biodegradable garbage etc. (Section 5) 11. 4. Provision for imprisonment for a term which may extend to one month or with fine which may extend to rupees five thousand, or with both. (Section 8) 11. 5. To enhance the effectiveness of the Act, the Sikkim Trade License and Miscellaneous Provisions Rules, 1985, was also amended banning use of plastic bags by Shopkeepers as well as for maintaining separate bins as prescribed for the Bio-degradable and Non-biodegradable / medical wastes depending upon the type of shop. 1. 6. Rules were framed under section 17 of the Sikkim Non-Biodegradable Garbage (control) Act, 1997, after inviting comments of the public and receiving suggestions from the Department of Health and Family Welfare. The Notification came into effect from 30th March, 2001. Under the Rules the following provisions have been made: 11. 6. 1. Division of areas into garbage collection / garbage management zones for the purpose of scavenging and cleaning the garbage. (Rule 3) 11. 6. 2. Constitution of Garbage Waste Management Committee. (Rule 4) 11. 6. 3. Provision for different colours and inscription on receptacles/garbage bins. (Rule 6). 11. 6. 4. Prohibition in littering or throwing of wastes. (Rules 8 and 9) 11. 6. 5. Power to entry, inspect or execute work. (Rule 11) 11. 6. 6. With the intervention of the High Court of Sikkim, the Sikkim Non-Biodegradable Grabage (Control) Act, 1997 was further amended to provide for compulsory imprisonment for a minimum period of one month and fine of minimum Rs. 5000/- against the guilty. 12. IMPLEMENTATION/EXECUTION 12. 1. Land was acquired for land-fill and composting where the segregation of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable is undertaken. 12. 2. Before implementation of the provisions of the Act, they were published for information of the general public. 12. 3. Continuous monitoring on the implementation of the provisions of the Act and Rules by Shop-keepers and occupiers was undertaken. 12. 4. The shop-keepers/occupiers were educ ated as part of the extension programme to motivate them for following the provisions which was beneficial to them as well as the general public. 2. 5. The Safai karmacharies were briefed about the provisions of the Act. 12. 6. Deterrent fines were imposed against those not following the directions and advice of the Government functionaries. 12. 7. Surprise checks were undertaken to ensure that the plastic bags were not being used and where detected, the materials were confiscated and fine imposed. 12. 8. Subsequently a new system to collect garbage from shops, houses of the towns in the National Highway directly from the shops/houses to the garbage collection vehicles was introduced. This was done only after the people being affected by the system were educated through an appeal in a pamphlet form. The people have totally participated in the programme. 12. 9. The use of community bins along the Highway previously provided for deposit of garbage by the cluster of houses around was d iscontinued. 12. 10. Although the Rules came into effect only from 30th March, 2001, the Government began acting on the basis of the provisions of the Act itself. 13. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 13. 1. The success in the venture was the public participation. 3. 2. Deliberations, mass media and discussions with the Panchayats and the NGOS led to the successful implementation and the extension of the Act. 13. 3. Consequently this led to formation of Garbage Waste Management Committee to assist and devise the efficient collection and disposal of the waste. The committee comprises of public representative of the area and two responsible persons of the area and the representative of the Department. 13. 4. Now the collection of garbage from each and every corner of the coty has become quite successful for which trucks has been allotted to each locality which collects the garbage and dumps in the treatment plant. 14. BENEFITS 14. 1. The drains and Jhoras and the sewerage lines have free flow and hence reduced chances of calamity. 14. 2. The towns and bazaars are free from plastics and appear clean. 14. 3. Chances of diversion of rain-water due to clogging is almost nil. 14. 4. Awareness among people have increased about the harmfulness of using plastic bags.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Government Intervention On Kazakhstan Oil Industry Essay

Student Name : Tinglin Zhang Subject : AFFIN102A Principle of economics and economic theory in practice Assignment : Essay Topic : Government intervention in Kazakhstan Oil Industry The world concerned problem today is the energy problem. Among other reasons of its country is growing thirst for oil and gas made thus a matter of strategic energy security. Oil is the stratagem industry in the development of economy and society. As the Kazakhstan’s oil industry is speeding developing, becoming one biggest world resources station, that is the main reason for Kazakhstan becomes the new focus of the world political and economic competition. From this essay firstly introduction of Kazakhstan’s oil industry, then examines the impact between the oil industry in government invitation and the oil market, finally compare the pros and cons in government invitation then give the reason for government invitation should be continued. Understandably, government invitation is concerned that economy market is a fair indication of an economic policy. One of special interest is the role anxiety plays in relation to economic theories. Oil is one of main energies, in an oil rich country, it can lead to the precondition of country’s economic and social developments. First of all oil producing is an important finical source of a national treasury. There is one of huge oil producing country---Kazakhstan. It has a large land and long distance between Europe and Asia. It at 18th place of oilShow MoreRelatedGovernment Intervention On Kazakhstan Oil Industry Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesSubject : Assignment : Essay Topic : Government intervention in Kazakhstan Oil Industry The world concerned problem today the energy problem. Among other reasons of its country is growing thirst for oil and gas made thus a matter of strategic energy security. Oil is the stratagem industry of the development of economy and society. With the development phase of Kazakhstan’s oil resources is speeding, the world big powers seek the benefits here, Kazakhstan becomes the new focus of the world politicalRead MoreThe Main Problems of Economic Development of Kazakhstans Regions11951 Words   |  48 PagesThe economic framework of local governance The economic foundations of the local government of the Republic of Kazakhstan are: - Municipal property; - Local finance; - Property in state ownership and transferred to the management of local governments. The material and financial resources, which are the economic foundation of local government, determine in fact the efficiency of local government. The economic foundation for local governance is a set of legal norms that regulate social relationsRead MoreStrategic Role of Logistics in Kazakhstan21063 Words   |  85 Pagesbackground 4 1.1. Introduction 4 1.2. Definition of Key Terms 5 1.3. Effective Research 10 1.3.1. Logistics and time as a trade barrier 10 1.3.2. The Logistics Performance Index 14 1.4. Summary 21 2. Data Analysis of Logistics industry and Trade in Kazakhstan 24 2.1. Introduction 24 2.2.1 External Trade 24 2.2.2. Assessment of the Transport and Logistics Sectors 29 2.2.2.2 Logistics Sector 41 2.2.3 Constraints in Physical Infrastructure and Transport Facilities 43 2.2.3.1 ConstraintsRead MoreStrategic Role of Logistics in Kazakhstan21048 Words   |  85 Pages 1.1. Introduction 4 1.2. Definition of Key Terms 5 1.3. Effective Research 10 1.3.1. Logistics and time as a trade barrier 10 1.3.2. The Logistics Performance Index 14 1.4. Summary 21 2. Data Analysis of Logistics industry and Trade in Kazakhstan 24 2.1. Introduction 24 2.2.1 External Trade 24 2.2.2. Assessment of the Transport and Logistics Sectors 29 2.2.2.2 Logistics Sector 41 2.2.3 Constraints in Physical Infrastructure and Transport Facilities 43 2.2.3.1 ConstraintsRead MorePret a Manger2557 Words   |  11 Pages3-4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................†¦..Introduction 4-7†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Entering the UAE 7-8.................................Entering Egypt 8-9.................................Entering Kazakhstan 9-10.............................. Ethnocentric or Polycentric Approach Introduction The retail outlets, more so specifically the fast food industry was introduced through the concept of offering packaged food with a typically low preparation time. Franchised restaurants receive standardized food products from a centralRead MoreEnergy Security in the Asia Pacific Region2601 Words   |  10 Pagessafety by better assimilation of national and international markets †¦state intervention would be restricted to the dispersal of data in a multilateral context, the help of innovation, and, for few management of a strategic oil reserve which would be applied in case of fleeting supply interruption. In contrast, the state-centered approach is based upon neo-mercantilist a thought that relies on bilateral diplomatic contacts with oil producing countries to strengthen energy security by the use of nationalRead MoreUkraine And The Soviet Union3603 Words   |  15 Pages Since establishing independence from the Soviet Union, Ukraine has experienced its most prolonged and deadly crisis which has deconstructed government plans to create closer economic and trade ties with the European Union while also enticing a global impasse between Russia and the Western powers. The roots of the crisis stem from decades of inefficient and corrupt governance, an unbalanced economic system dominated by oligarchs, heavy reliance on Russia, and socioreligious differences between theRead MoreEssay about Pestel Analysis Russian Federation3424 Words   |  14 Pagesneighbours and powerful economies, e.g. USA, UK ââ€"Å  Corruption ââ€"Å  Nuclear power ââ€"Å  Strong political presence in Eurasia ââ€"Å  Good diplomatic relations with China Economic ââ€"Å  Rich in natural reserves ââ€"Å  Stabilized economic condition ââ€"Å  Dependent on export of oil and gas ââ€"Å  Large size of GDP ââ€"Å  Double digit inflation ââ€"Å  Uneven distribution of income ââ€"Å  Comparatively low levels of FDI ââ€"Å  Volatile currency Social ââ€"Å  Highly skilled workforce ââ€"Å  Social unrest due to diversity ââ€"Å  Wide class divisions ââ€"Å  DecreasingRead MoreHis171 Part 7, E3 Eznotes5586 Words   |  23 Pagescontrolled the sources for the raw materials. b. was the most innovative nation at that time. c. allowed the government to support those industries. d. had the most advanced scientific institutions.* e. was forbidden to do military research. 6. The most prominent early use of electric current was a. in steel making. b. for lighting.* c. for telegraph systems. d. in the chemical dye industry. e. for the electric chair. 7. The negative environmental effects of nineteenth-century industrializationRead MorePrimary Sector of Economy17717 Words   |  71 Pagesof natural resources. This includes agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining, and extraction of oil and gas. This is contrasted with the secondary sector, producing manufactures and other processed goods, and the tertiary sector, producing services. The primary sector is usually most important in less developed countries, and typically less important in industrial countries. The manufacturing industries that aggregate, pack, package, purify or process the raw materials close to the primary producers

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Example For Students

The Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Cuban Missile CrisisOn August 6, 1945, the world changed forever. The United States had sent a B-29 bomber plane named Enola Gay to fly over the industrial city of Hiroshima, Japan and drop the first atomic bomb ever Little Boy . The world had never experienced anything like it. One hundred thousand died almost instantly most of them were civilians. Three days later, in Nagasaki, another bomb Fat Man was dropped. This time roughly forty thousand died. The people of the world were glad to see that the bombs ended most destructive war ever, but over the course of the forty years the world feared a nuclear battle that could wipe out all humankind off of the face of the Earth. The images that were coming from the aftermath of the bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki affected almost every person in the world in all aspects. The image of the mushroom-shaped cloud and the desolate city would remain in every persons mind as an image of destruction and as a warning of the danger of a nuclear war. The Manhattan Project was the code name for an effort to create an atomic bomb during World War II. It was named for the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers because most of the early research was done in New York City . Refugee physicists sparked the project soon after German scientists had discovered nuclear fission in 1 938. Many American scientists feared that Hitler and the Germans would produce a nuclear bomb; consequently, they contacted Albert Einstein to write a letter to United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to help the production of the first nuclear bomb. Roosevelt agreed to assist the scientists and they began the Manhattan Project. The development took place at laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, located on an isolated mesa. The project was to be kept classified under all circumstances. The scientists working at the plant could not even tell their wives about their work, unless they worked there themselves. All the mail in the town was censored; everybody was restricted to a two hundred mile radius and residents were forbidden to tell their friends where they lived. No one in the community had a name; rather everyone was either a sir or mister. The most serious threat to the security of the project was the hiring of Klaus Fuchs who was found guilty of obtaining top-secret d ocuments and sending them to the Soviet Union. He allowed for the Soviets to create their own atomic bomb and caused fear among the American people. The decisions to actually use the bomb the first time were critical. Firstly, President Roosevelt never lived to see the final product of the Manhattan Project. He died on April 12, 1945 at Warm Springs, GA, at the age of 63 and Harry S. Truman became his successor. All the responsibilities were soon placed on the new president. Truman knew nothing about the bomb and its effects, but decided quickly to use it on the Japanese. The president was warned that the bomb was very powerful and that it should not be used unless the Japanese refused to surrender. Nevertheless, Truman decided to go along with his plan and bomb Japan until they surrendered. Truman wanted revenge from the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor, except that it would be one hundred times as devastating. On August 6, 1945, the aircraft Enola Gay flew over Hiroshima and dropp ed the first atomic bomb ever. At approximately 8:15 AM the bomb exploded about two thousand feet above ground, where today a building stands, called the A-Bomb Dome. It took almost a minute for the bomb to explode after its descent from the plane. The world would be changed forever. The pilot of the Enola Gay, Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets, wrote, A bright light filled the plane we turned back to look at Hiroshima. The city was hidden by that awful cloud boiling up, mushrooming. . Many people who saw the bomb say that it was like another sun; the heat released burned everything in its path, including people. The winds from the blast tore down houses and buildings in a 1.5-mile radius. Three days later, another bomb the Fat Man was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although the energy created by this bomb was greater than the Little Boy dropped in Hiroshima, the damage was slighter. Approximately forty thousand died outright and seventy thousand in total had died by the end of th e year due to radiation. An estimated two hundred thousand people died in total due to the effects of the bombings. Many people still argue whether the bombings were necessary or not. The devastation became more real in 1996, when new video footage was released in 1996. The footage was found by accident in a Tokyo film vault. It shows images of people walking through the rubble with trees stripped of their leaves, babies with their entire bodies covered with burns and men whose hair had been burned off and skin had melted from their heads. Shortly after the war was over, the relation between the United States and the Soviet Union started getting tense. During the Manhattan Project, the Soviets started looking into the building of their own nuclear Bomb. The Soviets tested their own bomb four years after the United States dropped the first one on Japan. The United States and Russia were already engaged in the Cold War, and both countries were now in a race to build up their armed for ces. The Arms Race was a competition between both countries to scare each other by creating bigger, more powerful missiles and bombs. Usually the United States was more advanced than the Soviet Union in technology and the Soviets tried to catch up as quickly as possible and neither stopped. The American people thought that the Russians had more, better missiles than the United States had because of Soviet Premier Khrushchev boasting over his countrys status. Eventually, American officials show this to be false. As the Cold War continued, the fear of a nuclear holocaust grew and proposals for arms reduction began, but the fear still remained. In 1961, the United States formed the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, which dealt with the government policy concerning nuclear testing and arms control. In May of 1972 the first Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) came to an end and a treaty had been signed by United States and the Soviet Union to limit the production of anti-ballisti c missile systems. Since then, many arms control treaties have followed, but nuclear arms were still being built. Throughout the Cold War people feared nuclear war, but the world was never closer to one then during the Cuban Missile Crisis. There would be no winner in a nuclear war; only destruction would remain. For fourteen days in October of 1962 American and Soviet troops were prepared to attack one another and were ready to use nuclear weapons. This was probably the peak of tension during the Cold War. In 1962, the Soviet Union was behind the United States in the arms race. The missiles that the Russians had were powerful enough to attack other European nations, but did not have enough distance to travel to the United States, but American missiles were capable of hitting any part of Russia because the Americans had already placed their own missiles in Turkey clandestinely. In late April, 1962, Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev then devised the plan to install mid-range missiles in Cuba, ninety miles off the coast of the United States. This plan would double Soviet arsenal and would surprise the Americans completely. Meanwhile, the Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from any attack. After the failed Bay of Pigs on Cuba of 1961, by the United States, Castro believed that a second attack was certain. To provide some protection for his country, he approved Khrushchevs plan to place missiles in Cuba. By the summer of 1962, the Soviet Union was working quickly and secretly to build the missile installations on the island. For the United States the crisis began on October 15, 1962 when reconnaissance photographs were taken of Soviet missile installations under construction in Cuba. The next morning, President John F. Kennedy was made aware of the situation in Cuba and quickly assembled a group of twelve advisors, called EX-COMM, to help him throughout the crisis. After seven days of intense discussion with government o fficials, he ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba to prevent any more weapons form arriving at the island. On October 22, 1962, President Kennedy made the events public and tensions rose throughout the world. Kennedy demanded that all Russian arms be removed from Cuba immediately. During the crisis Kennedy ordered low-level missions over Cuba every two hours to keep watch over the progress. On the twenty-fifth Kennedy moved the quarantine line back and raised the military readiness level. Then on the twenty-sixth the United States government received a letter from Soviet Premier Khrushchev promising that the Soviets would retreat form Cuba under the condition that the American government would not plan another attack on Cuba, but the next day was worse. A plane was shot down over Cuba and another letter arrived from Khrushchev. This time the Soviet Premier asked for more in return for the removal of arms from Cuba. Khrushchev now asked that the United States remove all missiles from T urkey in return for the Soviet missiles in Cuba. Attorney General Robert Kennedy suggested that the government ignore the new letter and agree only to the first. On the twenty-eighth tensions began to ease when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missile installations in Cuba confiding in the United States assurance that they would not attack Cuba. The tensions during the crisis were extremely high and Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations Anatoly Gribkov described it best Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread and we werent counting days or hours, but minutes. As the tension from the missile crisis subdued, the Cold War continued and the fear of a nuclear holocaust lingered while the United States and the Soviet Union were still engaged in the Cold War with one another. The two countries still tried to find ways to get closer to the other with their nuclear arms. Now the countries tried to launchmissiles from submarines near the coast of the opposing country, but the plan d id not work because of closeness to the country. The submarines would get detected tooeasily, so the plans continued. The Space Race also began to take place. The Russians launched Sputnik: he first man-made satellite to space, but it was not only asatellite, but a spy camera as well. It could take pictures of license plates on cars and it was illegal to shoot down anything outside the atmosphere. So the Soviets wereable to see what the Americans were doing without violating any law. In Russia, after the death of Russian General Secretary Konstantin Chernenko in 1985, a great change was going to occur for Russia and for the world. One of the greatreformers of the time, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, would slowly rise to the power in Russia. Between 1985 and 1990, Russia progressed dramatically. By 1990,Communism had died in Russia and General Secretary Gorbachev was now President Gorbachev. The Cold War had been going on since 1945 and the tension betweenthe United States and Russia escalated more each day. No one knew what to expect from either country at any given time. The nuclear arms build-up and lack of negotiating caused for the Cold War to reach the heights that it did, but Russian President Gorbachev and United States PresidentReagan were set to compromise and allow the fear of the world to be suppressed. Reagan, at the beginning of his presidency, changed Americas view on the arms race. The country was trying to produce less nuclear arms during the Nixon era and after,but Reagan started to buildup arms once again. He believed that this way he would scare the Soviets into Westernizing. The arms race that Reagan started was much likethat which occurred in the period of time between the end of World War II (1945) until Stalins death in 1953. He began building MX missiles and started B-1 bomberprograms once again, and started the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also known as the Star Wars defense program. People now began to fear a Nuclear Winter aft er the renewed arms race of the early Reagan administration. People believed that the sky would turn gray from ashesremaining from the bombs and no sunlight would get through. The sky would remain dark for a very long time and the earth would slowly become lifeless and desolate. Reagans administration began its early years with an ardent objective to produce more arms quickly to scare the Russians, but towards the later years of his command, his ideas changed, much to the disarray of his loyal supporters. For the preceding thirty years the United States and Russia were at competition trying to manufacture the most nuclear arms possible, but Reagan and the world were aware at the end of the 1980s that the arms race was not only between the two countries anymore. More than twenty nations had now entered the arms race and they posed a threat to international security. Many people believe that Reagan was responsible for the end of the Cold War, but others disagree and say that Russian P resident Gorbachev was the one that put more towards the end of the Cold War and helped end the fear of war between theUnited States and Russia. Some believe that the United States won this war not because of Reagans military buildup and the fear imposed on the Soviets and Gorbachev, but because the Soviet President knew the situation in which the Soviet Union was economically. He had no other choice but to act upon it correctly. Then it can be said that Gorbachev won the war, but a true winner for the Cold War cannot be named. In all wars there are decisive battles fought and at the end one party will emerge victorious, but the Cold War was distinct and a winner cannot be determined clearly. Many people say that the true victor was democracy. Since the end of the Second World War and the blasts at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States and the Soviet Union have been rivals at everything. Their battle was most evident through the Cold War and the most important aspect of it the arms race. Both countries built missiles, spied on each other and advanced themselves hoping for the other to give in. But no one really knew what reason the war had for carrying on so many years except the fact that both countries were struggling to be the most powerful in the world. A nuclear war could not be won by anyone. The aftermath of a nuclear war would leave nothing and no one to retell the story. The events that occurred during the Cold War taught the world of the effects of a possible nuclear war and made people afraid enough to help elude nuclear war at all costs. Any nuclear war would have inevitably caused death, disease, and suffering of pandemic proportions and without the possibility of effective medical intervention. The only hope for humanity is prevention of any form of nuclear war Muscle System Essay

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

The Marshall Plan Essays - Presidency Of Harry S. Truman

The Marshall Plan Although the idea of European integration was an ideal adopted by European intellectuals from the beginning of the twentieth century, the success in the actual launching and development of the project is a achievement that must be attributed to the policy and aid of the United States. World War II left Europe in a state of complete crisis. More than 30 million lives were lost during the war, cities lay in ruins, and as a result of violation of agricultural lands and people, food supply remained dangerously short. After barely surviving the Nazi threat, Europe was now faced with the threat of Soviet communism and expansion. This new threat divided the continent into pro-Western and pro-Soviet spheres, and some started to look towards communism to save them from total destruction and to progress towards rebuilding and restructuring of the post-war economy. European states were trying desperately to mend the damages of the war without having to resort to communist or socialist methods. However, the results lay short of expectations for capital was very limited and shortages of basic resources such as coal and steel restrained production. In addition, in many European countries such as France and Italy, the deterioration of the economy led to serious political problems, such as the undermining of the governmental authority. The only logical choice for Western European states, given that they did not desire to give in socialism or communism, was to get together and cooperate towards recovery. However, the individual aims, plans, and ambitions of major Western European states were keeping them from sacrificing or compromising towards such a cooperation. This is where the United States became an active player. Encouragement and provocation of European integration had been a constant characteristic of American foreign policy in the post-World War II era. The contribution of the United States to the process of European integration within this period, and its positive long-term effects should not be ignored or underestimated. This contribution has manifested itself in many different contexts, such as economic aid and being a model for Europe in terms of institutions and structure. The first official sign of post-war commitment of the United States to Europe was the Truman Doctrine outlined by US President Harry Truman in March 1947. The Truman Doctrine granted military aid to Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean and it acted as the confirmation of the launching of better and stronger political relations between Western Europe and the United States . The same year saw the shift in aid to the economic area. Observing the constantly deteriorating state of European economy, the United States decided to provide Europe with financial assistance. This decision was aimed at helping Europe recover, but had to do with the States' national interests as well. Since Western European economies were lacking the financial means for developed trade with the United States, the US was suffering from a huge export surplus caused by its booming economy. The recovery of European economies and improved trade relations with Europe would mean a significant export outlet f! or the United States . With these considerations in mind, in June 1947, US Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, generally known as the European Recovery Programme. This was the biggest push from the United States for European integration and provided the greatest help toward integration as well. The Marshall Plan stated that the United States would provide funds for financial assistance if European states devised a cooperative and long-term rebuilding program to recover from the effects of World War II. The Marshall Plan was a success in that it called for those who would benefit from the program to be actively involved in the planning and execution phases. Therefore, knowing that they had significant influence on the outcomes of the program, the beneficiary European states were encouraged to cooperate to the greatest extent with the United States. Between 1948 and 1952, the US supplied $13.2 billion worth of grants and credits to European nations. These funds played a key role in bringing a significant level of economic progress and stability to the benefiting 16 states of Europe. By 1950, inflation was under control in many states and international as